S>UGC*i*i*Ar« C^^<5*H 



Newark Study 




Book U^y-k^ 



Newark 



in 



The Public Schools of Newark 



Newark 



in 



The Public Schools of Newark 

A Course of Study on Newark, its Geography, 

Civics and History, with Biographical Sketches 

and a Reference Index 



Prepared by 

J. Wilmer Kennedy 

Assistant Superintendent of Schools 




*I am a citizen of no mean city' 



Newark, N. J. 

Published by the Board of Education 

1911 






D. OF D. 
MAY 15 '<*13 



NOTE OF EXPLANATION 

History, geography, commercial geography, civil gov- 
ernment, public hygiene, literature, composition, climate, 
geology, natural history and many other subjects may 
be made more valuable, more impressive, more easily 
understood and more attractive if concrete illustrations 
for them are found in one's own city. 

The helpful kind of patriotism is the kind that grows 
out of a knowledge of one's town, of her growth, her 
people, her property, her government and her needs. 
This knowledge develops first an intelligent interest, 
then a sympathy, then a reasonable affection, a wise and 
temperate jealousy for her good name, a wish that she 
may prosper and grow more beautiful, and, finally, a de- 
sire to help her to become greater and finer, a bright and 
clean workshop and a home for the best of men and 
women. 

Newark has been studied in the schools for several 
years. It now occupies a prominent position in the curric- 
ulum. The important place now given it is due to the 
rapid growth among our citizens in recent years of inter- 
est in the city's welfare, beauty and healthfulness. With- 
in the last fifteen years the city has felt the need of cer- 
tain things which all great, prosperous and well-esteemed 
cities possess, and out of her ow^n riches has purchased 
them and presented them to herself. Her citizens desired 
certain good things and decided to acquire them. 

Among these are her water system, her parks, her 
hospitals, her library, her Court House, her City Hall, 
her shade trees, and her museums; better paving, bet- 
ter Fire and Police Departments, and Board of Health; 
more efficient schools; and soon will be added better 
school buildings. 

Of these and many other things the children should 
know. They should understand why they are here, how 
they came to be, and what purposes they serve. Knowing 
these things they will soon learn how they can help to 
make good use of all of them, and will soon wish to make 
them better year by year. 



VI Newark in the Public Schools. 

The Library began about seven jeavs ago to collect 
books, pamphlets, clippings and pictures that might be 
used in studying Newark. These it lent to children 
and teachers. There was no history of the city suitable 
for young people ; and the Library asked Mr. Urquhart 
to write one. He did so, and the Library published it 
in a series of small pamphlets, one each year for three 
successive years, and lent these pamphlets to teachers 
and children. Finally Mr. Urquhart brought the three 
pamphlets into one small volume which the Board of 
Education adopted for school use. 

Meanwhile the Library gave each year, from 1904 to 
1909, an exhibit o* books, pamphlets, clippings, manu- 
scripts, pictures and historical relics having to do with 
Newark's histor}^, institutions and industries. Many 
thousand visitors, most of them children, came to these 
exhibits. 

During this same period the schools added each year 
to that part of the course of study which had to do with 
our city, until now, as stated, Newark occupies an im- 
portant position in the curriculum. 



JOHN COTTON DANA. 



The Free Public Library. 
May, 1910. 



CONTENTS. 

Note of Explanation ^ 

List of IllustPvAtions ix 

Circular to Principals x 

Action of the Committee on Instruction and 

Educational Supplies xii 



COURSE OF STUDY IN GEOGRAPHY 
Part I. Geography 

CHAPTER I. Revision of the course of study 
and syllabi containing directions for study of the 
maps of Newark in Grade 3A 3-6 

CHAPTER II. Revision of the course of study 
and syllabi containing directions for study of New- 
ark and vicinity in Grade 4A 6-8 

CHAPTER III. Revision of the course of study 
and syllabi containing directions and material for 
the study of Newark in Grade 7A, under three 
heads, viz: — (a) As a type of the manufacturing 
and commercial city, (b) As part of New York 
and the Metropolitan District in New Jersey, (c) 
As offering special advantages for residence and 
trade -^-30 

Part II. Civic Hygiene and Civics 
CHAPTER I. Revision of the course in Civic 
Hygiene for Grades 4B, 4A, 5B, and 5A, with syl- 
labi on the "Sanitation of the School," ''Expe- 
rience of Other Cities in Cleaning Streets," "Parks," 
"Playgrounds," "Pure Food Laws," "Labor of 
Women and Children," and "Quarantine." 3649 



VIII Newark in the Public Schools. 

CHAPTEK II. Revision of the course of study 
in Civics for Grades 6B, 6A, 7B, 7A, 8B, and 8A, 
with lists of topics for civic work in the community 
by each grade. To these are added syllabi on "Pa- 
triotism," "The Community as a Social Group," 
"Government as an Organized Community Action," 
"Billboard Nuisance," "Grouping of Public Build- 
ings," "Smoke Nuisance," "Noise in the Cities and 
Our Noise-Fests on the Fourth of July," "Shade 
Trees," "Juvenile Courts and the Trial of Crimi- 
nals," "The Public School System of Newark," 
"Transportation," "Milk Supply and Slaughter of 
the Innocents," "What Taxes Do." 50-102 

CHAPTER III. Newark City Government, (a) 
Historical, (b) Outline, (c) Government by Com- 
mission 105-121 

Part III. Biography, History and Literature 
CHAPTER T. Biographical Sketches of Men 
and Women of Newark 125-149 

CHAPTER II. (a) Revision of the course of 
study in Grades CB and 7B. (b) Historic Spots 
In and Near Newark, (c) Some of the Leading 
Events in the History of Newark to 1900. (d) 
Bibliography 152-158 

CHAPTER III. (a) Literary Landmarks of 
Newark, (b) Selections from the Literature of 
Newark 158-162 

CHAPTER IV. Civic Index and explanatory 
note supplied hj the Free Public Library 163-213 



Note: — From time to time leaflets will be issued con- 
taining supplementary material bearing on 
the work here outlined. 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE. 

Newark East of Mulberry Street, 1820-5 xvi 

Shoemaker Map of Newark, 1806 15 

First Presbyterian Church 31 

Free Public Library 47 

Brookside Drive, South Mountain Reservation 55 

Young Tulip Tree, Ridge Street 63 

Essex County Court House 69 

Park Avenue Bridge, Branch Brook Park 69 

Prudential Insurance Companj-, Main Building.... 79 

Firemen's Insurance Company Building 87 

Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company Building.. 95 

Cleveland School, Bergen and 17th Streets 103 

Ridge School, Ridge Street and Montclair Avenue. . Ill 

Morton Street School 119 

Peshine School, Peshine near Watson Avenues 127 

Central High School, High and NeAv Streets 135 

Normal School, Belleville and Fourth Avenues 143 



CIRCULAR TO PRINCIPALS 

The following circular issued by the City Superintend- 
ent, to Principals, November 23rd, 1909, marks the incep- 
tion of the movement to study more of Newark in our 
schools and fittingly serves as an introduction to this 
pamphlet : 

The November Round Table was devoted to the ques- 
tion of how to give greater prominence in our schools to 
Newark; to its history, growth, and government; to its 
libraries, parks, playgrounds, and educational system; 
to its advantages for commerce, manufactures, and resi- 
dence. 

The opening of the New York tunnels, the projected 
ship canal, the assured reclamation of the Newark 
Meadows and their suitability for great business enter- 
prises needing transportation facilities by land and sea, 
the sharp rise in real estate values throughout the city 
and the suburbs, the erection of new high schools, and 
the universal demand for industrial training — all point 
unmistakably to the dawn of a new day for Newark. 

These questions come within the scope of the new 
definition of patriotism as a sentiment that begins at 
home and regards the conservation of all home resources 
of health, happiness, business, good government, and, 
above all, of sound minds and sound bodies in our chil- 
dren, as a question touching the citizen far more closely 
and laying on him a far more pressing duty than the 
conservation of water rights in Montana or of coal fields 
in Alaska. 

It is for us to see that our city is not without honor 
among its own children, and also to see that they have 
this new patriotism and the larger vision fitting them to 
grapple with and master the civic problems of the future 
which is theirs. 

In pursuance of the purpose of this meeting, I submit 
the following recommendations and suggestions : 

1. A copy of the circular, "The Good Citizen Says:" 
arranged and printed by Mr. Dana, will be supplied for 
each seventh and eighth grade class in your school. It 



Circular to Principals. xi 



is recommended that all the grammar school pupils com- 
mit this circular to memory and hold it in their hearts as 
the first and great commandment of citizenship. 

It is further recommended that each principal make 
the sentiments of this circular, or any other topic relat- 
ing to Newark, the subject of a series of morning talks 
in assembly. Where the school owns a lantern and slides 
(these may be borrowed), they can be used most eflfec- 
tively in this connection. 

2. It is recommended that the Monday before Election 
Day be designated and known in our schools as "Newark 
Day," when the settlement, founders, and greatness of 
our city, and the duty of all children, as well as grown- 
ups, to do something for its welfare shall be brought 
to the attention of the pupils by methods that will rouse 
their civic pride and make a lasting impression. 

3. All topics in the course of study relating to Newark 
should receive emphasis. The prescribed work in litera- 
ture, reading, history civics, composition, physiology 
and hygiene, and geography supply many opportunities 
to bring Newark before the children. These opportuni- 
ties should not be neglected. 

4. It is recommended that each school collect and 
mount a set of Newark pictures, similar in style and 
mounting to those prepared by the Library on other 
school topics. The children and patrons can be called on 
for contributions to this collection. They may be grouped 
or classified for use under the respective subjects of the 
course of study where the topic "Newark" occurs; for 
example, third grade geography, civics, composition, etc. 

In addition to this collection, a set of cards may be 
prepared in each school, representing graphically by 
means of diagrams or curves aided by colors, the relative 
magnitude of the city's industries, the relative expendi- 
tures for the various departments of the city government, 
the relative number of the various nationalities consti- 
tuting our population, the growth of the city through the 
decades, etc. 



XII Newark in the Public Schools. 

5. Many cities have juvenile street cleaning leagues 
established primarily for the purpose of making the chil- 
dren active in some form of civic betterment. It is 
recommended that you establish among your pupils 
some form of league, club, or committee that will be active 
in securing cleaner streets in the neighborhood, that will 
report on all unsanitary conditions and seek their re- 
moval, that will discover what laws and city ordinances 
are violated in the neighborhood and seek their enforce- 
ment, that will have a care for the shade trees and parks 
in the community, that will promote in all reasonable 
ways the beautifying of front yards and buildings, espe- 
cially the school, that will report on individual actions 
marking a man as a good citizen. Other lines of activity 
will occur to you. 

The Free Public Library has given much attention to 
this whole subject, has been active in making collec- 
tions and exhibits of everything pertaining to Newark, 
has printed and distributed much literature bearing on 
the subject. 

The Librarian, Mr. Dana, and his assistants are more 
than willing to place at your service their collections and 
resources and to aid in every way possible all efforts to 
give our people a better knowledge of our city and more 
pride in it. 

ACTION OF THE COMMITTEE ON INSTRUC- 
TION AND EDUCATIONAL SUPPLIES 

On recommendation of the Chairman, the Committee, 
at a meeting held Tuesday, May 10, 1910, directed that 

1. Mounted maps of Newark be procured for all the 
schools. 

2. Outline maps be supplied in pads to the schools, 
to be used in connection with the large map by the in- 
dividual pupils in studying the geography of our city. 

3. The map "Newark and Vicinity" issued by the New 
Jersey Geological Survey be procured for every school. 

4. The establishment among the pupils in the schools 
of leagues or committees (suggested in paragraph 5 of 



Circular to Principals. xiii 

the foregoing circular) that "will be active in securing 
cleaner streets or other form of civic betterment, be made 
a requirement in the course of study. 

5. The continued co-operation of the Free Public 
Library trustees with our school officials be requested 
in the publication of whatever educational literature may 
be desirable for a more complete study of Newark in our 
schools. 

6. The City Superintendent be requested to report 
to the Committee, whatever revision of the course of 
study is necessary to embody the foregoing as require- 
ments, and to prepare copy, showing definitely "Study and 
Teaching of Newark in the Public Schools" by grades and 
in the various subjects — the same to be printed as a 
separate pamphlet. 

In compliance with the foregoing request the folloAv- 
ing report is submitted. 



CHAPTER I. 

Revision of the Course of Study 

Geography 

3A 

Insert in the paragraph beginning "Direction," the 
following: 

Study and read the small outline map of Newark. 
(Supplied in pads.) 

Sec Syllabus. 

Syllabus 

Locate the meridian. p]xplain that the north is not 
at the top of the map of the city. The peculiar shape of 
Newark necessitates this departure from the conventional 
arrangement with respect to the meridian. Have the 
large wall map of the cit^' before the class. 

First teach map reading and how to interpret symbols 
used to denote various features represented on the map. 

Teach direction of nearby streets and important junc- 
tions of streets. 

Locate the school on the map (use colored crayon in 
marking maps and locating points). By means of a com- 
pass, locate the meridian in chalk on the classroom floor. 

Teach the direction of all places marked on the out- 
line map; also junctions of imjwrtant streets and rivers; 
railroads and their stations; parks, bridges and public 
buildings. Teach the direction of the flow of the Passaic 
Kiver and other streams. 

Take the class to roof gardens, upper windows, where 
the school occupies a commanding position, or to any ele- 
vation, and continue observation and map reading by 
looking to the north, south, east, and west, and locating 
places seen, on the outline map. 

'^Text-book counts for little ; map, for much ; teacher, 
for more; pupil for most of all." 

With colored crayons, shade hill section of the city 
brown, and shade it ofif to the plain below and to the val- 
leys back of TTiffh Street and Belmont Avenue. 



Newark in the Public Schools. 



Then teach summit, base, slope, valley, by means of a big 
map. In this connection, locate the canal. Color the 
Passaic Kiver, and teach banks, mouth, channel, bay. 

Make a collection of birdsej^e views, pictures of phy- 
sical features, buildings, industries, places of historical 
and scenic interest. Do not place these permanently on 
the walls of the school room, but use them to illustrate 
lessons. (Draw on the resources and collections of the 
Free Public Library.) 

Revision of the Course of Study 

Geography 

3A 

Immediately after "Newark" — first paragraph — insert 
''Map study." Have the children fill in the small outline 
map with features selected for observation and study. 

In connection with the small map, use the wall maps — 
one of the City and the other of "Newark and Vicinity." 

See Syllahus. 

Syllabus 

Map Study 

Geikie says, "It should be in my opinion, the teacher's 
aim in the first or elementary stage of instruction, to 
make the understanding of a map and the capability of 
adequately using it the great object to be kept in view." 

Chart the points of the compass on a clear space on the 
school room floor, on the ceiling, or on any horizontal 
surface. 

Teach map reading. The children should be able to in- 
terpret all symbols and graphic representations of pub- 
lic buildings, parks, trolley lines, land and water forms 
on the two large maps to be studied. 

Teach the use of graphs for comparison. For example, 
a line one inch long and a line ten inches long will rep- 
resent the relative number of children in one class and 
ten classes. In this way compare the number of children 
in the class with the number in two grades, in the whole 



Map (Study. "> 

school. Compare the number of children in the school 
with the population of the district. (The population is 
a little over six times tlie enrollment of the school.) Com- 
pare the population of the district with the population 
of the city. Compare the population of Newark to-day 
with the population thirty years ago. Compare the popu- 
lation of Newark with the population of New York. 

Teach the pupils to read to scale. The scale of the 
map of Newark is 300 feet to the inch. About seventeen 
and one-half 1 171/2 ) inches represents a mile on the 
map. About thirty-five inches represents two miles. 
About eight and three-quarter (8%) inches represents a 
half mile. With a ruler locate on the large map of New- 
ark, a dozen places, each a mile from the school ; a mile 
from the corner of Broad and Market Streets; a mile 
from the Free Public Library. In like manner locate 
places two miles from the school, a half mile, etc. 

Teach the meaning of drawing to scale as applied to 
a plan of your desk, classroom, school yard, etc. Let 
your scale be a half inch to a foot. 

Locate (Fill in the small outline maps.) 

1. The principal business streets, especially those 
forming the main thoroughfares to the north, 
south, east, and west. 

2. The Passaic Kiver, Second River, Bound Creek, 
the Ship Canal, the Morris Canal, Newark Bay, 
the reservoirs in the city for our water supply. 

3. The Pennsylvania Railroad, the Central Railroad, 
the Lackawanna, the Erie (both branches), the 
Lehigh Valley, the West Newark, with their re- 
spective stations and freight offices. 

4. Woodside, Forest Hill, Roseville, The Hill, Clin- 
ton Hill, Park View, Waverly, Vailsburg, The 
Iron Bound District, the Four Corners, the 
Meadows, the Peddie Street Canal. 

5. Military, Washington, Lincoln, Branch Brook, 
Weequahic, East Side, West Side Parks. (Eagle 
Rock and South Mountain Reservations.) 



Newark in the Public Schools. 



6. City Hall, Court House, Post Office, Public 
Library, Historical Library, the High Schools, 
the Normal School, the Hospitals, City, St. 
James, St. Barnabas, St. Michael's, German, He- 
brew, Isolation (Belleville), the County Jail, the 
Poor House, the First Church, your own school, 
Overbrook Asylum, City Home, the Technical 
School, the Evening High Schools, the Evening 
Drawing School, the Market, the Ungraded 
Schools, Playgrounds, Police Stations and Fire 
houses. 

Investigate and list the articles of the break- 
fast and dinner table and see how many parts of 
the globe have contributed to the breakfast and 
dinner. For example, tea from China, coffee 
from South America, etc. 

CHAPTER II, 

Revision of the Course of Study 
Geography 

4A 

Insert in the paragraph beginning ''New Jersey." 
"Study of Newark with special reference to its situation 
and advantages for commerce and industry." (Use the 
map of the N. J, Geological Survej^ "Newark and its 
Vicinity.") 

See Syllabus. 

Syllabus 

Teach map reading and direction. Learn the scale of 
the map — about 51/4 inches to a mile; 21 inches, 4 miles; 
42 inches (3J/o feet), 8 miles, etc. Locate points one 
mile, four uiiles, eight miles, respectively from the City 
Hall. 

On a maj) of New Jersey take a point on the northern 
boundary of the state, distant from the Hudson River 
about one-sixth of the whole boundary. From this point 
draw a line (white chalk) lo Pliiladelphia. Connect 



Newark and \'icinity. 



Philadelpliia with Sandy Hook by another line. This tri- 
angular strip includes only one-sixth of the area of New 
Jersey, but contains four-fifths of the population. This 
metropolitan district of Kew Jersey has a dense popula- 
tion, much commerce and manufacturing, many cities and 
residences. At one end of this busy belt lies Philadel- 
phia; at the other end. New York, while Newark consti- 
tuting together with the adjacent municipalities, a city 
of o^4• half a million people is the centre of commerce 
and manufacture. (See Whitbeck's Geography of New 
Jersey.) 

Teach the commercial advantages that Newark has, 
arising from its situation, making it essentially a part 
of New York, a city connected by railroad with every part 
of North America, and by steamship with every country 
in the world. (The map "Newark and Vicinity"" will help 
here.) 

Locate on the map of "Newark and ^'icinity" ; Irving- 
ton, Elizabeth, Rahway, East Orange, Orange. South 
Orange, West Orange, Bloomfield, Montclair, Caldwell, 
Verona, Singac, Little Falls, Cedar Grove, Eagle Rock, 
Belleville, Livingston, Northfield, Essex Fells, Short Rills, 
South Mountain Reservation, Springfield, Connecticut 
Farms, Cranford, Roselle, Lyons Farms, Passaic, Ruther- 
ford, Nutley, Paterson, Harrison, East Newark, Kearny, 
Jersey City, Hoboken, Bayonne, Bergen Point, West Ho- 
boken, Weehawken, Union, West New York, Fort Lee, 
Englewood, Tenafly. Carlstadt, Dundee Lake, Snake Hill, 
Tompkinsville, Fort Wadsworth, Fort Hamilton, Snug 
Harbor, Communipaw, Greenville, Palisades, Bergen Hill, 
Manhattan, Broadway, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh 
Avenues, Canal Street, Fourteenth Street, Twenty-third 
Street, Forty-second Street, Washington Square, Union 
Square, :Madison Square, Central Park, Riverside Drive 
:Morningside Park, tlie Battery, tlie Bronx, Grant's 
Tomb, Columbia University, University of New Y^ork, 
Brooklyn, Gowanus Bay, Buttermilk Channel, Prospect 
Park, Wallabout Bay, United States Navy Yard, Green- 
wood Cemetery, Williamsburg, Greenpoint, Newton Creek, 



Newark in the Public Schools. 



Hunter's Point, Port Morris, High Bridge, Spuyten Duy- 
vil. Fort Washington, Long Island City, East Kiver, Har- 
lem Kiver, Long Island Sound, Blackwell's Island. 
Ward's Island, Kandall's Island, Hell Gate, Hudson 
River Tunnels, Earitan Bay, Staten Island, Arthur Kill, 
Kill von Kull, Hackensack River, Orange Mountain, Great 
Notch, Llewellyn Park, Pennsylvania Railroad, Lehigh 
Valley Railroad, New Jersey Central Railroad, Delaware, 
Lackawanna & Western Railroad, Erie Railroad, Penn- 
sylvania Railroad Tunnels, Plank Iioad, Turn])ike, Ped- 
dle Street Canal, Maple Island Creek, Bound Creek, 
Elizabeth River, Rahway River, Yantacaw, or Third 
River, Morris Canal, Sheeter's Island, Ellis Island, Bed- 
loe's Island, Governor's Island. 

From the figures and altitude lines on the map, find 
the altitude of Eagle Rock, South Mountain Reservation, 
your own school, the highest point on Bergen Hill, the 
height of the Palisades. Take any point on the Palisades 
above Fort Lee, and find its altitude above the bottom 
of the Hudson River. 

Note: — By means of the lines on the map, the altitude 
of any place may be quickly found. By means of the 
figures, find the depth of the Narrows ; of the East River, 
at the Brooklyn Bridge and Hell Gate; of the Hudson 
River, over the McAdoo tunnels; of Newark Bay at the 
Central Railroad bridge and at the mouths of the Pas- 
saic and Hackensack Rivers; of Kill von Kull; of the 
Passaic River at the Pennsylvania Railroad bridge, the 
Bridge Street bridge, and at P>elleville. 



CHAPTER III. 

Revision of the Course of Study 
Geography 

7A 
After ''Pittsburg" (p. 75) insert, "Study Newark under 
these heads :" 

1. A type of the manufacturing and commercial city. 

2. Part of New York and the metropolitan district of 
New Jersey. 

3. Special advantages for residence and trade. 
See Syllalms. 



Newark as a Type of the Manufacturing and 
Commercial City 

Syllabus 

Causes of Location and Growth. 
Historical 

Newark is among the small group of cities on the Amer- 
ican continent that were settled from religious motives. 
Boston, Plymouth, Philadelphia, and New Haven are 
other cities in this group. 

The first settlers came from Connecticut, which had 
adopted a constitution providing that any freeholder, no 
matter whether he was a member of church or not, could 
hold office and vote. An element of the population in that 
colony regarded this provision as ''Christless and profane," 
to use their own words, and resolved to come out from 
among these people and establish a colony where all af- 
fairs should be administered ''according to God and a 
Godly government" ; in other words, where the state was 
the church, and the church the state. These emigrants 
from Connecticut settled Newark in 1666. For seventy- 
five years, in order to vote and hold office, one had to be 
a member of the First Church in Newark, still called the 



10 Newark in the Public Schools. 

First Church, and located on Broad Street near Me- 
chanic Street. 

The original settlers were secure in their possession, 
not only because of the grant from Governor Carteret, 
but also because they purchased the lands from the Hack- 
ensack Indians by regular treaty, and seemed to live 
amicably with the aboriginess forever afterwards. (See 
the price paid the Indians — "History of Newark,"' p. IS.) 
We have no account of the molestation of the colony by 
the savages during all its history. Notwithstanding this, 
the colonists lived in continual fear of attack as shown 
by their going to church armed, posting armed sentinels 
during the service, and taking other precautions. 

These early settlers were of Puritan stock, and be- 
lieved in industry as a cardinal virtue. They were never 
tainted Avith the pernicious social prejvidice developed 
from slavery among the British settlers of the south — a 
prejudice that condemned a man who worked with his 
hands to loss of caste and respectability. The religion 
of the Puritans was Calvinistic, and the creed of John 
Calvin in its emphasis on the dogma of equality of all 
men before God Avas the very blood and bone of demo- 
cratic institutions. This democratic feeling persists in 
our great industrial city to the present day. Labor with 
the hands has always been held in honor in Newark. 

Newark retains another Puritan characteristic— regard 
for the public schools. This sentiment has been strength- 
ened and perpetuated by our large population of Germans 
with their rooted faith in public education. The schools 
of no city in the metropolitan district have a stronger 
hold upon the people than the Newark system. 
Choosing a Site 

The selection of this ])articular spot by the Connecticut 
Puritans under Captain Treat was due to a number of 
causes : 

First, Governor Carteret had acquired possession of 
East Jersey, and was seeking settlers. 

In the second place, all early settlements were made on 
the seashore or banks of a river. No doubt, the Newark 



Triuisportation. 11 

pioneers were iiilhieneed iu their choice by the beautiful 
sweep of the curve of the Passaic as it enters between 
the bluffs of Kearny on the east and the liigh "grounds 
on the west, now seen at Mt. Pleasant cemetery and 
farther north towards Belleville. (See map of "Newark 
and Vicinity.") In view of the present foul condition 
of the river and the effacement of its beauty by civiliza- 
tion, it requires an effort of the imagination to bring be- 
fore the mind the a])i)earance of the Passaic on that pleas- 
ant day in INlay, KUU), when the Puritans moored their 
bark in the clear water of the stream, witli the wooded 
hills rising on either hand. 

A tliird and very Aveighty reason was the proximity 
to New York harbor. When Captain Treat and his two 
companions came to New Jersey in advance of the others 
to choose a site it is pretty certain that they saw the 
splendid harbor of New York and realized the importance 
of settling near it. These men Avere not without vision. 

Transportation 

(See Civics— SB— Syllabus) 

I. Advantages of New York 

The growtli of all large cities depends more on trans- 
j)orlation than on any other single factor — transporta- 
tion of food, raw materials, manufactured articles, and 
passengers to and from the city, and within the city. 
The exj)ansion of New York and all the cities in the met- 
ropolitan district has gone hand in hand with the exten- 
sion of the local transportation systems. The invention 
of the trolley car has been a poAverful agency in extending 
American cities over Avider territory and relieving the 
congestion of population. 

NeAV York has practically spread OA^er a large part of 
Long Island, Avestern Connecticut, southern NeAv York 
state, and northern NeAv Jerse3^ 

Of all American cities, Ncav York stands ahead in not 
only lines of raihvay communication to all points of the 
continent, but in being the greatest Atlantic seaport of 



12 Newark in the Public Schools. 

North America. These advantages give New York 
a commanding position in the commerce and industries 
of the world, and make it the point of exchange for the 
international commerce of the great North Atlantic basin. 
The construction of the Panama Canal will add still 
further to its advantages. Of course, all cities in the 
metropolitan district share thefse advantages. 

2. Rivers 

Towns and cities rise at the mouths of navigable rivers, 
where goods are trans-shipped between sea and land 
routes. 

Note to the teacher: — Make a list of cities that owe 
their location and growth to the condition just named, 
whether tliey be inland, at the head of navigation, at the 
confluence of great rivers, at the fall line, or on the sea- 
shore. 

3. Canals 

The Manchester Ship Canal, thirty-five and one-half 
miles long, makes that inland city a seaport, and saves 
trans-shipment of raw cotton and other commodities by 
rail from Liverpool. 

The Panama Canal will shorten the distance from all 
North Atlantic ports to Pacific ports of North America, 
one-half or more, and will bring the Atlantic coast of 
North America nearer to Australia and Japan than any 
European city, and will place New York, Boston, and 
Philadelphia on even terms with Liverpool, London and 
Hamburg in relation to sea distance from all the coast 
of China north of Hong Kong. (The projected ship canal 
for Newark. See topic ''Newark Considered as a Part 
of the Port of New York," page .) 

Note to the teacher : — Make a group of cities that have 
been afl'ected by the construction of canals. 

4. Harbors 

Good harbors are necessary for large sea trade. The 
United States has many examples of important harbor 
types. Tlie largest number of deep water harbors are 



Kailways. 13 

along the north Atlantic coast, Avhile the steep Pad lie 
coast has few of importance. 

Note to the teacher: — Compare the number of seaports 
with good harbors in the North Atlantic with those in 
the South Atlantic; with those on the Pacific coast of 
North America; with those around the northern Pacific 
Ocean; with those around the Indian Ocean. 

5. Railways 

Historical: Before 1850 railways were regarded as 
local lines, each state aiming to secure internal improve- 
ments. They were intended originally to connect large 
bodies of water. Among the first railroads in New Jersey 
was the Camden and Amboy, connecting the Delaware 
River with New York Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. 
Among the first railroads in New York was one connect- 
ing the Hudson River at Albany with the Great Lakes. 
In the west, the first roads connected the Ohio and tlie 
Mississippi with the Great Lakes. Now the connection 
of water routes has ceased to be an aim unless the joining 
of ocean to ocean may be considered as the larger de- 
velopment of this aim. Railroads are now consolidated 
into great systems, linve hccouie national in scojic and 
have ignored state lines entirely. (Hence the prominence 
of the Interstate Commerce Commission.) Geographies 
arrange states in homogeneous groups while the chief 
function of railways is to unite unlike regions, to carry 
agricultural products from agricultural states to manu- 
facturing states, and to carry back manufactured goods. 
The railroads from Minnesota and Dakota bring lumber, 
Hour, and grain to New York, and take back boots, shoes, 
and clothing. (See Educational Revieiv. November, 
1899.) 

Our text books do not contain much railroad geography. 
The spread of population and industries in the United 
States has depended more on railroad communication 
than on natural geographical features. Most of North 
America has been developed as one section after another 
has been made accossil)lp bv railwavs. INfanv larjre cities 



14 Newark in the Public Schools. 

owe their growth to the railways. From a commercia". 
standpoint, a knoAvledge of the railroads of the United 
States is more useful than a knowledge of rivers, lakes 
and bays. 

Note to the teacher : — Make a list of cities that are 
great railway centers, and show how their growth has 
been promoted by the railroads. Make a study of the 
trunk lines passing through Newark, based on the fol- 
lowing topics : the route and extent of the main line and 
its principal branches, cities through which it passes, 
sections reached, and products brought from these sec- 
tions and carried to them. Note also the rivers and bodies 
of water reached, and points at which the line touches 
tide water. Add some details as to the passenger service, 
time schedule and provisions for convenience of travellers, 
passenger rates and freight charges from important 
points to Newark. Show how freights have been cheap- 
ened by larger and better locomotives, the invention of 
the air-brake, and the use of steel rails. With the aid 
of swift steel ships of mammoth size, it has become pos- 
sible to deliver a bushel of wheat at Liverpool from 
North Dakota at a little over twenty cents; to place 
goods on the shelves of Chicago stores within ten days 
after they leave France. 

Call attention to the advantages NcAvark enjoys as a 
manufacturing center, because of proximity to the coal 
mines, and the ease with which it can secure raw ma- 
terial from any part of the earth and export finished 
products. Find out (a) by what lines, and (b) from 
what sources Newark gets its supplies of hard coal, soft 
coal, meat, flour, vegetables, fruits, lumber, iron, bricks, 
building and paving stones, oil, hides and skins, cloth, 
silk, wool, cotton, paper, and rice. 

6. Government 

The chief functions of government are the protection 
of life and property. Bad government kills or cripples 
industry' and trade. Morocco and Turkey are examples 
of bad government and its effect on commerce and indus- 



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tries. The Fedt'ial (loveninient has a Depaitmeiit of 
Comnioi-co and LalxT, and a Depart niont of A«>ri(iilture. 
The govcriiiiu'Hl rmids arc usv{\ hi iiujnove rivers and 
harbors, dig canals, build lighthouses, and life-saving 
stations, and make sailing charts for ocean-going vessels. 
Ever since the foundation of the government, many 
American industries have been protected by a tariff. 

(For a full discussion of all questions of commerce in 
relation to the growth of cities, consult "Adams' Com- 
mercial Geography." It is on the list. Tarr and ]McMur- 
ray and Itedway also may be consulted with profit.) 

II. 

GREATER NEWARK AND NORTHERN NEW 

JERSEY CONSIDERED AS A PART OF 

THE PORT OF NEW YORK. 

(See Carpenter's "North America."') 

The Metropolitan District in New Jersey 

An inspection of the map of "Newark and Vicinity" 
reveals jdainly that the territory in New Jersey included 
within a radius of twenty miles from the City Hall in 
Manhattan is growing rapidly into a metropolitan com- 
munity. If incorporated in one municipality, it would 
certainly become in the near future the first city in the 
world. Its growth and development each year are ad- 
vancing by leaps and bounds, through the establishment 
of rapid and cheap communication between New York 
and every point of this district. Within this territory 
there are about a hundred different cities, towns, and 
[tost-oliiices. Among the cities, Newark is the largest, 
with 350,000 inhabitants; Jersey City second, and Pater- 
son third. Over half the ])opulation of New Jersey is in 
this district. 

Geography 

The physical characteristics of this region west of the 
ITiidson Tilvei- are: First, the lowlands adjacent to the 



18 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Hudson River, and back of them, the rocky ridge extend- 
ing from Jersey City Heights to the Palisades, and the 
magnificent scenery of the middle and upper Hudson; 
back of the ridge, the swampy tract of land known as 
the Newark and Hackensack marshes, the redemption of 
which, for industrial purposes, is now under way. West 
of the marshes, the land rises again to the summit of the 
Orange or Watchung Mountain, overlooking one of the 
loveliest residential districts in the whole world. When 
the meadows are redeemed, there will be a compact city 
stretching west from the Hudson to the Orange Moun- 
tain, and north and south from Paterson to Elizabeth. 

Population 

The population of the district is extremely heterogen- 
eous. All the races come to New York, and the tides of 
immigration quickly sweep from Manhattan to New Jer- 
sey. Whole wards in Paterson, Passaic, Newark, and 
Elizabeth are composites of many nationalities. The 
population may be divided into foreigners and natives, 
and again into the industrial and residential classes. 
Those whose business is in New York and those who are 
employed in local industries compose the vast majority 
of the population. Some vote in one state and live in 
another. In Jersey City and Paterson the proprietors 
of the larger factories are non-residents. Not so in New- 
ark. This does much to explain the freedom of Newark 
from strikes and bitter labor controversies, so common 
in manufacturing centers. Classes so differently situated 
and of such diversified nationalities find it difficult to 
know, much less to understand, one another. That these 
conditions are unfavorable for unity and harmonious 
growth is evident. Nevertheless concert of action among 
the residents is imperative in regard to many subjects. 
One Intelligent Plan for the Whole Community 

It is important that community growth should be in- 
telligently directed, and not siiujly "lia])i)on'' under the 
direction of separate communities, real estate operators, 
and private interests. If the community as a whole shall 



Unit Development. U) 



continue lo permit this separate policy of development, 
it Avill in the future have to contend with very ditlicult 
and expensive re-organization problems, such as are now 
facing the city of London. The tunnels, the proposed 
Hudson River bridges, electric trains that will land one 
from any part of this territory in the middle of Man- 
hattan in a few minutes, will remove the barriers inter- 
posed by the river and the meadows to the growth of this 
great region. 

The entire metropolitan district with respect to all 
public utilities and conveniences, such as transportation, 
water supply, lighting, disposal of sewage, public parks, 
and boulevards, should be developed as a unit. Some 
steps towards this end have already been taken, to wit : 

I. Transportation 

The Public Service Corporation in New Jersey radiates 
under a single management, in all directions through 
this region. 

2. Sewerage 

The Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission is about to 
construct a trunk sewer for the purpose of transforming 
the Passaic River from the condition of an open sewer 
into something approaching its original condition, before 
civilization reached its banks. The present condition of 
this river is a serious menace to the development of the 
great communities along its course. The further develop- 
ment of the sewerage plan embracing a much wider ter- 
ritory is essential to the growth of the district. 

3. Parks and Boulevards 

A system of public parks has been developed in Essex 
County, and a like movement is in progress, including 
the Palisades, west bank of the Hudson, southern coun- 
ties of New York and northern counties of New Jersey, 
in one magnificent park system and playground for the 
metropolitan community. It does not require prophetic 



20 Newark in the Public Schools. 

vision to see that this one public work is destined to 
place this community in the front rank in this line of 
development. Boston, perhaps, is the only American 
city where an undertaking of similar magnitude marked 
by wise planning and splendid foresight has been under- 
taken. 

4. Water Supply 

Each municipalitj' of this district has a separate water 
supply of its own. The Passaic Valley, Northern New 
Jersey, and the Catskill Mountains are available sources 
for a public water supply for the metropolitan district, 
and should be preserved and safeguarded under State 
control, in connection with the park system just referred 
to. New York City has under way a colossal aqueduct 
to get water from the mountains above West Point. Los 
Angeles is building an aqueduct 250 miles long to bring 
water from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. 

SOME PLANS, FOR THE FUTURE 
The Water Front Around New York Harbor 

In Manhattan the wareliouses have been erected on 
the piers, in many cases necessitating exorbitant charges 
for wharfage and storage. The jmlicy of the city is to 
procure the maximum revenue from its docks. In Brook- 
13'n the water front is generally owned by manufacturers 
and railroad men, and is without adequate railroad con- 
nections. In Hoboken and Jersey City the front is owned 
almost exclusively by the railroad and steamship lines, 
and is without adequate warehouse facilities, but has 
the advantage of railroad connections. Staten Island 
shores cannot connect easily with railroads. 

Trans-shipment of Freight 

The present practice of re-handling a large portion of 
the tonnage of ocean-going vessels by the use of lighters 
and transfer barges is expensive. A hundred pounds of 
wheat can be landed in Ncav York from North Dakota at 



Plaus for the Future. 21 

ten teuts, while it costs three cents to get it from the car 
to the ship. For coastwise trafTic there does not exist 
in the Port of New York any central point where trans- 
shipment to and from railroads can be made to embrace 
more than one or two trunk lines. The establishment of 
a railroad terminal on the western shore of Newark Bay 
would save millions of dollars by eliminating the harbor 
charges that are so heavj' a tax on the commerce of the 
Port of XcAV York. 

Trunk Lines and a Connecting Terminal 

All the trunk lines leading to the south, to the west and 
to the north, including the West Shore Road, pass over 
the Meadows, and could easily connect with this center. 
A small percentage of any cargo shipment is carried by 
any one railroad. The fact that Kill von KuU and the 
Newark Bay are now recognized b}' the United States 
Government as part of the Port of New York will secure 
ciunniels dee]> enough for ocean-going vessels. 

Docks for Ocean Steamers on the Newark Bay 

The establishment of a system of docks on the west 
shore of the Bay in direct connection with the trunk 
lines will reduce the expense of trans-shipment from car 
to vessel and vessel to car, and will centralize commerce 
at this point. A terminal operating company will easily 
provide for transfer of cars to and from all trunk lines 
to this centre. Steamships at the docks would have cars 
of any of the trunk line railroads placed alongside, thus 
eliminating expensive lighterage and transfers. 

Uses of the Meadows 

The time has arrived for the reclamation of the New- 
ark meadows, under municipal control and on a plan of 
development that will meet the future requirements of 
the entire community. If, instead, private interests are 
permitted to exploit these lands, a great opportunity will 
be lost, and their development in the future will be 
expensive. 



22 Newark in the Public Schools. 

There are four uses to which the meadows can be 
advantageously put: First, terminals for railroads; sec- 
ond, terminals for steamships ; third, warehouses at these 
joint terminals; and fourth, manufacturing sites on the 
filled land lying farther back. Every manufacturing site 
would be properly connected with a general terminal and 
railroad system. 

The Construction of a Ship Canal 

The reclamation of the meadows involves as an essen- 
tial feature, the construction of a ship canal from the 
point on the shores of Newark Bay where it is proposed 
to construct docks and wharves, to a point near the Le- 
high Valley bridge over the Pennsylvania Railroad. The 
material from the excavation of this canal will fill in 
and raise the surface of the meadows for some distance 
back from either side of the canal. These filled-in sites 
will be used for factories. The railroad terminal and 
the canal will give all needed transportation facilities 
for these factories. 

The filled in area can be extended by the use of the 
material dredged by the United States Government in 
deepening the channel of Newark Bay. 

The other plan of reclamation involves dyking and 
draining — the plan pursued in Holland. 

The completion of this great work will do more than 
any single agency to enable Newark to capitalize the ad- 
vantages arising from her situation as part of the Port 
of New York. 

Bridges and the Meadow Roads 

The Meadow roads known as the Turnpike and the 
Plank Road are far from being the great arteries that they 
should be to accommodate the ever-increasing tides of 
inter-urban traffic. They should be transformed into 
broad boulevards beautified with parkways of trees, 
grass, and shrubbery, and fitted by their structure and 
beauty to link the great municipalities at either end. 

Before Newark Bay can be properly utilized for navi- 



Special Advantages of ^^'ewarU. 23 



gation, the three lower railroad bridges should be super- 
seded by tunnels or the lines deflected to cross the rivers 
above the bay. Bridges also impede the navigation of 
the Passaic and Hackensack rivers, and traffic on the 
railroads using the bridges. (See map.) 

(See "Report of Advisory Dock and Meadow Reclama- 
tion Commission, June 25, 1908." Also the subsequent 
reports of the consulting engineers; "Report of the Inter- 
Urban Committee of the Board of Trade," December, 
inOfi: "The Third AiiKMican City," by Auu.iy II. Ilind- 
ford.) 

Note: — In presenting this subject make constant use 
of the map of Newark and the map of "Newark and 
Vicinity." 

III. 

SPECIAL ADVANTAGES OF NEWARK FOR 

TRADE AND RESIDENCE 

Newark's Leading Industries 

Newark is the home of celluloid, its manufacture being 
])eculiar to this city; has the largest fine jewelry manu- 
laciuriug centre in the United States; and is a great 
centre for chemicals, varnishes, lacquers, and paints. It 
excels in the superiority of its cutlery, and manufactures 
a greater variety of metal novelties than anj- other city 
of the United States. Newark's shoes are worn the world 
over. 

Two hundred and forty-five distinct branches of manu- 
factures and fifty distinct lines of industry are carried 
on here. The city ranks fourteenth in population, and 
in the aggregate value of manufactured products, it 
ranks ahead of thirty states, and eleventh among the cities 
of the United States. 

As a matter of historical note, Newark produced the 
first malleable iron in America, built the first locomotive 
engine to travel up a grade, the first electrical dynamo 
made in the world, and made the first patent leather in 
America. 



24 Newark iu the Public Schools. 

Some conditions that go to make Newark a great manu- 
frtctiiiing centre have already been touched upon. Its 
nearnei^.s to coal mines, proximity to New York Harbor, 
its location in the centre of the most densely populated 
district of the United States, the ease of obtaining raw 
materials from any part of the earth, and of shipping 
products, all mark Newark as a great manufacturing city. 
''Greater Newark" is a large, compact city, numbering 
over half a million people, and embracing the municipali- 
ties of East Orange, Orange, West Orange, South Orange, 
Bloomfield, Montclair, Belleville, Irvington, Kearny, 
East Newark, and Arlington. If incorporated in one 
municipality, it would rank ninth in population among 
the cities of the United States. Trolley lines radiate 
from Newark in . all directions through this great city. 
Inspection of the map of "Newark and Vicinity" reveals 
plainly the fact that the slope of the Orange Mountain 
and the plain at its base extending from Paterson on 
the north to Eahwaj- and beyond, on the south, is sure to 
be the site in the near future of one of the largest cities 
in our country. 

Population 

New York is the greatest Italian city in the world, 
having over a million of this race, Avhile every nation is 
represented there. In some of the Newark schools fifteen 
different languages are spoken by the children. It is in 
the assimilation and Americanization of these mixed na- 
tionalities that the public schools of our city are called 
upon to do most valuable work. The growth of the city 
and population during the last decade was phenomenal, 
being 41 j^er cent. 

Educational 

(See leaflet that is part of this syllabus.) The expan- 
sion of our school system demanded by the growth of 
population; the building of high schools, normal schools, 
and special schools, adapted to all classes and every need 
of our people, have all required in recent years enormous 
outlays that have been willingly met by the taxpayers. 



Educational Institutions. 25 



The Free Public Library was built, equipped, and is 
maintaine<l at our oAvn expense. Instead of waiting for 
the people to come, the library has gone out seeking the 
people, through branches, sub-stations, and the circula- 
tion of small libraries through the schools. 

Other educational institutions are the New Jersey His- 
torical Library, the College of Pharmacy, a law school, 
technical school, i)arochial schools, business colleges, pub- 
lic playgrounds, and a Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion. Recently |300,000 has been subscribed by our cit- 
izens for the establishment of a Young Women's Christian 
Association, to do for the young women of the city Avhat 
has been done for its young men. 

In all liigher and special education, the great Uni- 
versities, professional and technical schools, museums, 
libraries, and art collections of New York afford un- 
ri^-aled opportunities to all who live in Newark. 

Shade Trees 

Since the year 1004 the Shade Tree Commission has set 
out 20,000 trees in tlie city streets. These trees are scat- 
tered over three hun<lre<l miles of streets. Tliis com- 
mission is one of tlie most valuable agencies for the 
bcjmtif'ying of our city. (See leaHet. i 

County Parks and Boulevards 

Essex County Park Commission has taken many bogs 
and waste places through the county and transformed 
them into places of surpassing beauty. Weequahic Park 
was a dismal swamp and is now a charming lake of eight 
acres, a popular resort for health and pleasure. The 
Commission has laid out a system of boulevards con- 
necting the various parks, established playgrounds for 
children, game fields for the grown-ups, placed boats on 
the lakes, and provided field houses for those who play 
tennis and baseball. Greater Newark stands in the front 
rank of American cities in its provisions for the enjoy- 
ment of the world of out-of-doors by all the people. (See 
leaflet.^ 



26 Newark in the Public Schools. 



Transportation 

Newark enjoys special advantages as a commercial cen- 
ter, owing to the large number of trunk line railways cen- 
tering 4iere, and the proximity of the city to New York 
Harbor. Local communication between all parts of 
Greater New York and Greater Newark has recently been 
improved by the opening of tunnels under the North 
River. Trolley service of the city is continually improv- 
ing, extends to the remotest suburbs, and has done more 
than any single agency to expand the city. 

Many of our streets are lighted by flaming arc lamps, 
so that Broad Street and Market Street, the two business 
thoroughfares of the city, are brilliantly illuminated at 
light. (See leaflet on Streets.) 

Leading Manufactures of Newark 

The United States census of 1905 gives Newark's lead- 
ing manufactures and the value of the product of each 
as follows: 

Leather^ — tanned, curried, and finished |18,000,000 

Malt liquors nearly 11,000,000 

Jewelry 9,250,000 

Foundry and machine shop products 6,250,000 

Felt hats 4,500,000 

Chemicals nearly 4,000,000 

Varnishes " 3,000,000 

Electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies 2,500,000 
Boots and shoes 2,250,000 

Some Figures for the Year 1909 

Total deposits in banks and Building and 

Loan Associations of Newark |119,000,000 

Total outgoing bank clearings 500,000,000 

Total value of Newark's manufactures 

(1910) 202,512,000 

Assessed valuation of real estate and per- 
sonal property (1911) 363,272,000 

Bonded debt of city, Dec. 31, 1910 13,804,200 

Bonded debt of ^yater Dept., Dec. 31, 1910 12,667,000 



Municipal Sanitation. 27 



Total bonded debt 20,471,200 

Amount in sinking fund. Dee. 31, 1010 7,309,637 

Population of the city of Newark in 1910 was 350,000 

The population in 1900 was 247,000 

Municipal Sanitation 

The health of the city is cared for by the Board of 
Health. All builders are obliged to submit plans of the 
plumbing in new dwellings to the Board of Health. In 
the City Dispensary, medicine is prescribed by various 
district physicians free, and vaccination is also free. The 
Board of Health controls two laboratories, one bacte- 
riological and one chemical. In the former, antitoxin is 
made and given free for the treatment of people residing 
in the city. All schools are under medical inspection by 
a staff consisting of a chief, thirty-two assistant physi- 
cians, and eight nurses. 

Newark has many hospitals, the largest and most com- 
plete, the City Hosjutal, being under the care of the city. 
The Eye and Ear Infirmary is for the treatment of the 
poor only. The city maintains a sanitorium at Verona 
for the treatment of tuberculosis cases, and an Isolation 
Hospital at Belleville for cases of contagious disease. 
The city also supports a system of public baths. The 
county maintains a hospital for the insane at Overbrook, 
under the management of the Board of Freeholders. 

The general health conditions of the city show a steady 
improvement as indicated in the average death rate ex- 
tending over a period of years. In 1894 the average death 
rate was 22.28, and for the year of 1910 sixteen per thou- 
sand. Cleaner streets, care in house plumbing, and in 
the construction of school buildings, enforcement of tene- 
ment house laws, vigilant safeguarding of the water and 
milk supply, proper disposal of sewage, and the increase 
in parks, the "lungs of the city," are all tending to make 
Newark more healthy. 

Newark has a water supply brought from the mountains 
in the northern part of the State, and unsurpassed in 
purity. 



28 Newark in the Public Scliools. 

Public Buildings 

The City Hall, the home of the municipal government, 
is a beautiful building, costing over |2,500,000. It is built 
of New Hampshire granite. The interior construction is 
of marble. The building is one of the best of its kind, 
excellently adapted to its purpose. 

The Essex County Court House is built of white mar- 
ble. The interior decorations are of special interest. 
There are nine marble and bronze figures symbolizing 
Law, designed by Andrew O'Connor, and mural paintings 
by the famous American artists, E. H. Blashfield, H. O. 
Walker, C. Y. Turner, Kenyon Cox, Will Low, and Howard 
Pyle. This is a building of great beauty, standing at the 
head of Market Street. 

The Free Public Library was opened to the public on 
March 19, 1001. The exterior of the building resembles 
the Public Library, Boston. The interior is strikingly 
beautiful. The vestibule in white Italian marble and 
mosaic, opens into the central rectangular court, with 
wainscoting of marble, plaster frieze and ceiling deco- 
rated in color. The court is open to the sky-light roof, 
with hall-ways at each floor in the form of arcades sur- 
rounding the open centre space. An imposing broad mar- 
ble stairway rises thiough the middle of the court. 

The equipment of the building embraces, in addition 
to the usual departments, a children's room, school de- 
partment, museum, lecture rooms, art gallery, and science 
museum. The book stacks are in a detached fire-proof 
building. 

The Newark Library is a splendid lesson to everyone 
who enters its doors. The beautiful marble in the inner 
court, the woodwork of quartered oak, simply treated, 
the right use of color, the pottery, bronzes, marbles, and 
paintings make the interior dignified and artistic. The 
Library keeps before the people the truest and best in art 
as a permanent object lesson. 

The Library has a prominent position in the educa- 
tional life of the city. Its various lecture rooms for meet- 
ings of classes, clubs, educational and philanthropic so- 



Buildings of Newark. 29 



cieties, are seldom unoccupied. Our Library is the social 
centre of the higher life of our city. 

The building cost piB^OOO. In January, 1001), there 
were 143,403 volumes in the Library. 

Among the commercial structures of the city, the Pru- 
dential Insurance Company buildings rank first in beauty 
and magnitude. The architecture is Eomanesque 
Gothic, with gabled dormers, finials, gargoyles, and bat- 
tlemented towers. The features of special beauty are 
the richly carved doorways, the corridors, faced with 
colored marbles, and sectioned by pilasters, an assembly 
room with timbered roof of oak, richly carved in the Old 
English style, Avails finished in colored marble, and mural 
paintings symbolizing the benefits of life insurance. 

A power plant supplies heat and light to all the build- 
ings, and power to fifty elevators and twenty printing 
presses. The floor space in all the buildings amounts to 
over twenty acres, and four thousand people work within 
the walls every day. 

The Company paid nearly $800,000 in taxes to Newark, 
and had .f75,000,000 income for the year 1910 ; has 30,000 
employes, 9,000,000 policyholders, and |2,000,000,000 in- 
surance in force. 

The Mutual Benefit Life Insurance building, one of 
the most beautiful in our city, is built of white marble in 
the Italian renaissance style with an imposing front of 
Corinthian columns. It cost |1,700,000. For the year 
1910, this company had |26,000,000 revenue, |550,000,000 
insurance in force, and paid $122,000 to the city in taxes. 

Among the more recent of the commercial structures 
is the Firemen's Insurance Building, sixteen stories high, 
and standing at the corner of Market and Broad Streets. 
Its great height overtopping all surrounding structures, 
and giving a wide view for miles in every direction, makes 
it the most conspicuous landmark in the city. 

The building is of fire-proof material throughout. The 
first and second stories are entirely of marble, the upper 
floors, marble and terra cotta, with steel beams and con- 
crete floors througliout. Even the furniture in the cleri- 



30 Newark in the Public Schools. 

cal department is made entirely of steel, while the officers' 
rooms and directors' rooms are finished in East India 
mahogany and leather, with furniture of the same ma- 
terial. 

Newark Government 

One reason for Newark's growth is the wise financial 
conduct of the city government. During the last fifty 
years of vigorous growth Newark and Essex County have 
spent many millions for good water, schools, parks, 
public buildings and paving. These colossal expenditures 
have all been made with wisdom and clean hands, and 
have given us municipal assets of great and lasting value. 
They enhance our civic pride, especially when we reflect 
upon the unhappy experience of many cities in the con- 
struction of great public works. No wild schemes of 
improvement that have wrecked the credit of many cities 
have gained a foothold in Newark. We have been slow- 
to meet problems at times, like the question of a pure 
water supply some years ago, the present congestion at 
the "Four Corners," the projected ship canal, and meadow 
reclamation, but the debate and investigation of all ele- 
ments of the problem entailed by the delay are apt to 
secure the adoption of the best plans. The thing that 
indicates the financial strength of any institution, public 
or private, is the ability to borrow money easily at a 
low rate of interest. Newark's funded debt of over 
126,000,00 bears interest at the average rate of a little 
over four per cent. 

( See report of the Inter-Urban Committee of the Board 
of Trade, December, 1906.) 




\J 




FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, NEWARK, N. J. CORNER-STONE 
LAID SEPTEMBER, 1787. OPENED JANUARY 1, 1791 



Part II 

Course of Study in Civic 
Hygiene and Civics with Syllabi 



PATRIOTISM 

There was recently in a child's paper a picture of an 
old man who was showing a gun to a little boy, and under- 
neath was written the stupid title, "A Lesson in Pat- 
riotism." Many people think patriotism always has some- 
thing to do with guns and swords and killing foreign 
foes; but nineteen times out of twenty patriotism has 
nothing to do with these. 

It is a great mistake to suppose that patriotism must 
have something to do with war, but it is true that every 
patriot must be willing to overthrow whatever threatens 
his country-. Our enemies to-day, however, do not wear 
uniforms, and do not use gunpowder. But we have real 
enemies within our borders. One of them is disease. 
We have conquered yellow fever, w^e are still fighting 
tuberculosis and many diseases that can be prevented. 
Very many more people die every year from bad air, bad 
water, and bad milk than were ever killed in any year 
of war. Doctors, nurses, and health boards, who are 
fighting disease, are doing the highest kind of patriotic 
work. Colonel Waring, who cleaned New York's dirty 
streets as thej^ were never cleaned before, saved 15,000 
lives, and deserved a monument as much as any general. 

Our two greatest enemies are ignorance and crime. 
Everywhere they are attacking us and keeping people 
poor and wretched. Whoever is fighting intemperance, 
or gambling, or bribery, or waste, or dirt, or ugliness, 
whoever is working hard to make his country honest and 
clean and beautiful, is doing patriotic work. The rarest 
kind of patriotism is the everyday kind that makes no 
fuss and marches right on without any drum, or music, 
or hurrahs. There are heroes and traitors and deserters 
in time of peace as well as in war. The man who is too 
lazy to vote, or to take the trouble to find out how he 
ought to vote, is a deserter from his post of duty. When 
his city summons him to go to the polls and to put the 
best men in office, if he sits caring nothing about it, or if 
he, worst of all, is so foolish as to sell his vote, he does 



3G ^'ewark iu the Public Schools. 

not deserve the great privilege of being an American 
citizen. 

Patriotism means service to our city as much as to 
our country. If we do not serve the little part of the 
country that we have seen, how can we serve the whole 
country Avhich we have not seen? Patriotism must begin 
at home. The first duty of every patriot is to see that 
he is friendly to his neighbors, and that his OAvn back 
yard and street and ward are just as clean and orderly 
as they can be. 

Many years ago, when the first settlers came to Massa- 
chusetts, every young man, when he went for the first 
time to vote, took an oath which every new voter to-day 
would do well to take for himself if he would be worthy 
of the high name of patriot. 

From the Freeman's Oath, 1634. 

I do solemnly bind myself that I will give my vote as 
I shall judge in mine own conscience may best conduce 
to the public weal, so help me God. 

(Extract taken from the "Civic Header for New Amer- 
icans," and written by Lucia Ames Mead.) 

COURSE OF STUDY 

Grade 4B 

Note : — The teaching of physiology and hygiene in 
grades 4B to 5 A (inclusive) is made the basis for instruc- 
tion in Civics, which begins as a separate subject in 
grade 6B. See Course of Study in Civics. 

Protection of Health 

Food and milk inspection. Sanitary plumbing. Dis- 
posal of sewage, garbage, and rubbish. Smallpox and 
vaccination. Diphtheria and antitoxin. Fumigation and 
disinfectants. 

Personal cleanliness, clean homes, and clean premises. 
(See "Good Health.") 

Stimulants and narcotics. 



Course of Study, Grade 4 A. 37 

Methods of inilk and food inspection employed in New- 
ark. How milk and water are purified. A model dairy 
farm. Powers of the Board of Health. 

Duties 

Cultivation of the home virtues; especially obdience to 
authority and thoushtfulness foi- others. Observance of 
all rules of the Board of Health. 

Reading 

Bead -The Community and the Citizen," "Town and 
City," ''Good Health," and "The Body at Work." 

See book list prepared by Free Public Library. 

>,^ote:— From the topics assigned to this grade, the 
teacher will select those which she can teach most ef- 
fectively in the allotted time. 



COURSE OF STUDY 

Grade 4A 

Protection of Health 

Tuberculosis. (See Tuberculosis Circular issued by 
Board of Health ; also see "Town and City," chap. 24.) 
Expectoration. Quarantine of houses. Sources of New- 
ark water supj.ly. (See "Town and City," chaps. 12, 13, 
14, 15, 16, and 17.) Pure water and typhoid fever. Well 
water.' Dangers to home life in cities. Inspection of 
tenements in cities. (See "Town and City," chap. 2; also 
Riis' ''Battle With the Slums," not listed.) Powers of 
the city Board of Health with resi)ect to all these ques- 
tions. 

Epidemics of typhoid. Filtering. Yellow fever m 
Cuba and the mosquito. Health of Japanese army in the 
late war witli Bussia. Disposal of garbage and sewage 
in other cities. Functions of the State and Federal Gov- 
ernments in protecting the health of citizens. 
Stimulants and narcotics. 



38 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Reading 
See under Grade 4B. 

Duties 
See under Grade 4B. 

Note : — From the topics assigned to this grade, the 
teacher will select tho§e which she can teach most ef- 
fectively in the allotted time. 

COURSE OF STUDY 

Grade 5B 

Protection of Health 

Sanitation in the school. Medical inspectors. Health 
Board physicians. Dispensaries. Parks. Playgrounds. 
Public bath-houses. Hospitals and ambulances. Street 
cleaning. 

Powers and functions of the city government with re- 
spect to these questions. 

Stimulants and narcotics. 

Methods of cleaning the streets in Newark. The pub- 
lic bath-houses and playgrounds. Juvenile street clean- 
ing leagues. 

Colonel Waring's ''White Wings" in New York. 

Reading 
See under Grade 4B. 

Duties 

See under Grade 4B. 

Note : — From the topics assigned to this grade, the 
teacher will select those which she can teach most ef- 
fectively in the allotted time. 

Syllabus 

The chief topic for this grade is the sanitation of the 
school. The children will learn about this through the 
visits of the medical inspector and nurses to the schools 
and homes. The teacher should read to the class the rules 
for medical inspection of the schools, found on page 



street Cleaning. 39 



267 of the Report of the Board of li:ducation. for the 
vear 1900. The teacher and children should make a list 
of agencies and conditions that affect the health of the 
school. 

A large map of the city, and also the map of ''Newark 
and Vicinity" should be used in locating the parks, play- 
grounds, public bath-houses, hospitals. 

Street cleaning is very important, although placed last 
in ihe list of topics. The interest of the children in clean 
streets should be cultivated. The paving of streets has 
been Ihe most marked advance towards securing clean 
streets in all cities in recent years. Dry sweeping of the 
streets is not sanitary, any more than dry sweeping of 
a house or school is sanitary. (Why? What is the vac- 
uum cleaning process? See Morton Street and Lafayette 
Street Schools, and City Hall.) Discuss with the pupils 
dry sweeping of the streets. Have a committee in the 
class appointed, to get all the information on the way 
the streets are swept and cleaned, and report to the class, 
i>s to the following particulars: First, what time are 
the streets cleaned, day or night? Second, are they 
cleaned with or without sprinkling? Third, are machines 
used for Pushing the streets? Fourth, are any streets 
left uncloaned or not cleaned properly? The advantages 
of all these different features should be discussed before 
the class. (See chapter on "Dust and Cleanliness" in 
"Good Health," and chapters 5, G and 7, in ''Town and 
City.") It is recommended that "A Clean Street League" 
be formed in every class to try to get cleaner streets. No 
street can be kept clean unless the ]ieople help. 

THE EXPERIENCE OF OTHER CITIES 

Colonel Waring, in New York, gave the greatest im- 
pulse to clean streets. A city is judged by its streets. 
In Hartford, Connecticut, a club of women was organized 
with the object of cleaning the city. The club addressel 
letterii to propertv hohlers, requesting co-oix'ration, in 
duced the citv to furnish cans for waste at the corners 



40 Newark in the Public Schools. 



of the streets, and made it a punishable otfense to scatter 
papers or refuse. A school leaj^ue was formed and street 
cleaners put in uniform. In Chicago, in 1897, a woman 
was appointed Chief Inspector of Streets and Alleys, to 
the great satisfaction of the community. The children 
formed a clean city league. In New York, Colonel War- 
ing established leagues in many of the schools. 

In San Francisco, a Merchants' Association, composed 
of business men, published a paper attacking the con- 
dition of the streets, calling for improved methods of 
street cleaning, and olTered to see to the cleaning of any 
block witliin a certain district if the merchants on that 
block would pay ten cents a day for a frontage of twenty- 
five feet. 

But notwitlistanding popular interest, upon the city 
itself must fall the chief burden of keeping the streets 
clean. Popular interest is mainly important for its effect 
on officials. In 1888, only fifty-three miles of paved 
streets in New York were cleaned daily. In 1897, 433 
miles were cleaned daily. Over two thousand men who 
had no pride in their work have been converted into an 
army of 2,500 men, proud of their work, and assured of 
a position as long as they are efficient. 

Parks 

The question of parks, and their value to a city should 
be brought to the attention of the children. Parks are 
known as the ''Lungs of a city," because they are breath- 
ing places, and supply pure air. Locate all the parks in 
Essex County on the map of "Newark and Vicinity," and 
impress upon the children that one thing that our city 
and county have to be especially proud of is the park 
system, not surpassed probably by any city in the United 
States. Do not fail to impress upon them their duty 
with respect to these parks, that the damaging of trees, 
shrubbery, plucking of flowers, or the injury of anything 
whatsoever, in the park, is a wrong to the community, and 
tliat everyone, no matter how big or how little, has a 
definite duty with respect to all tliese things. 



Playgrounds. 41 

Each teacher should be provided with a copy of the 
sanitary code of the Board of Health of the City of 
Newark, and bring to the attention of the class the regu- 
lations of the Board, bearing on streets, removal of 
garbage, and filth of any liind in the streets. 

Playgrounds 

Three systems of playgrounds are in active operation 
in Newark and Essex County. First : One under the con- 
trol of the Board of Education, mainly conducted on 
school grounds. Second : Playgrounds under the direc- 
tion and control of the Playground Commission appointed 
by the mayor, and empowered to establish playgrounds 
in ditferent parts of the city. Third: A system of play- 
grounds in the public parks, under the control of the 
Park Commission. The playgrounds are conceived by 
the Commission to be an essential part of the equipment 
of the great play places of the county. 

Playgrounds of Newark 

(Extract from leaflet prepared by Randall D. Warden, Supervisor of 
Physical Training.) 

There are twenty-four school playgrounds in the city 
of Newark. They open the first week in July and last 
seven weeks, closing about two weeks before the regular 
school term begins. The Board of Education provides 
a supervisor, an assistant supervisor, a special manual 
training teacher, and a special folk dancing teacher to 
organize the work. Each playground is separated into 
two sections, one for the boys and one for the girls, and 
over these is placed a director with several assistants. 
Women teachers are ])rovided for the girls, and young 
college men are usually in charge of the boys. The aver- 
age <lai]y attendance is about ten thousand children. 

The equipment is large, consisting of heavy and light 
ap]»ai'alus. manual training suitjdies, kitchen and gar- 
dening supplies, athletic and gymnastic equipment. To 
illustrate, take one ]dayground. In that Ave .shall find 
twelve large swings, twelve see-saws, two shoot-the- 
chutes, two rocker boats, holding twenty children each, 



42 Newark in the Public Schools. 

a horizontal bar, three climbing poles, three climbing 
ropes, two fl3'ing rings, a horizontal ladder, an inclined 
ladder, parallel bars, a buck, a jumping pit, a giant 
stride, jumping standards, indoor base balls, volley balls, 
basketballs, soccer boot-balls, bean bags, oat bags, jump- 
ing ropes, rope quoits, peg boards, etc. 

The cost of maintaining these playgrounds amounts to 
about twenty thousand dollars a year, but the relative 
cost for each pupil attending during the season is about 
three and a half cents. 

To see the many activities carried on in these play- 
grounds is to return to the scenes of one's childhood. 
Games of ball, the games "Cat and Mice," 'farmer in 
the Dell," "Looby Loo," and "London Bridge." may be 
seen in one part of the playground, and in another may 
be seen groups of boys leaping over the buck, or per- 
forming on the parallel or horizontal bars. Here a group 
is working on the giant stride, there a group of children 
sliding down the shoot-the-chutes. The swings and tee- 
ters work all day long, and in and out the building go 
groups of children passing to their drills or dances or to 
and from the game room, the kindergarten, or the manual 
training room. All is bustle and activity, all is delight 
and at five o'clock the weary children return to their 
homes, tired, but with happy faces and perhaps with some 
new resolve to gain in skill of strength or mind for an- 
other day. 

Park Playgrounds 

The Essex County Park Commision has seven play- 
grounds, widely scattered through the city of Newark and 
Essex County. These playgrounds are large, open spaces, 
many of them more play fields or athletic fields than play- 
grounds. They are organized by one supervisor, and each 
is divided into two sections, one for boys and one for 
girls. The Commission usually provides two teachers for 
each section. The attendance is large, and the equipment 
ample. In many cases, they have wading pools and field 
houses. Their activities are not as diversified as -in the 



Course of Study, Grade 5A. 43 



school playgrounds, being mainly centres of competitive 
games, such as baseball or basketball. 

The Playground Commission 

The mayor annually appoints a playground commis- 
sion, which has, at the present time, three playgrounds 
in operation. These playgrounds are organized by a 
supervisor. They are open all the year round, and main- 
tain club houses for the use of the neighborhood. Each 
playground has a force of about four teachers. The boys 
and girls are not separated. The organization is largely 
local control. 

The Coiiiiiiission has been handicapped by lack of 
funds to carry out the full scope of its plans. The equip- 
ment is large and the activities vary in degree, a good 
deal of attention being paid to theatricals and group 
undertakings. 

COURSE OF STUDY 

Grade 5A 

Protection of Health 

Brief review of Grades 4B and 4A. 

Smoke nuisance. Noise ordinance. Location of 
slaughter houses, stables, and other buildings detrimen- 
tal to health. 

The state government and the pollution of streams. 
(See Report of Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission.) 
The labor of women and children. The tuberculosis sani- 
torium. The quarantine of other states. 

The Federal Government and the inspection of meats in 
the packing houses. The adulteration of foods. The 
quarantine of ships. Sanitation in the Panama Canal 
zone. 

Powers and functions of the State and Federal Govern- 
ments with respect to hygiene and sanitation. 

Stimulants and narcotics. 

History of the demand, for meat inspection. Some 
famous cases of quarantine of one city or state by an- 



44 Newark in the Public Schools. 

other. Regulation of the labor of women and children 
in England. The quarantine station in New York harbor. 
Dr. Koch and the tubercle bacilli. 

Reading 
See under Grade 4B. 

Duties 
See under Grade 4B. 

Note: — From the topics assigned to this grade, the 
teacher will select those which she can teach most effec- 
tively in the allotted time. 

Syllabus 
"Pure Food Law." 

A national law checks inter-state commerce in adult- 
erated, misbranded, poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, 
liquors, and medicines. The first change effected in food 
products was in labels. Fictitious names that are mere 
trade names must be removed from the cans. Syrups 
that are compounds of maple and cane can no longer 
be sold as maple syrup. Food bearing a geographical 
name must really come from the country it purports 
to come from. Java coffee must come from the island 
of Java. Brazil coffee, from Brazil. Where coffee is 
coated with lemon juice, flaxseed, gelatine, or lime water, 
it must be so labeled. The same is true of rice polished 
with glucose, talc, paraffin or rice starch. (12 barrels of 
candy eggs were recently seized by the United States Mar 
shal in Newark because they were coated with talc instead 
of sugar.) Milk caramels are misbranded if they con- 
tain no milk ; whipped cream caramels, if they contain 
no cream ; peaclies and cream caramels, when they con- 
tain neither peaches nor cream. The flavoring extracts 
entering into inter state commerce are all relabeled. Only 
extracts made from the vanilla bean can now be called 
'Vanilla extracts." (30 gallons of impure vanilla ex- 
tract were recently seized ip this city by a United 
States Marshal.) 



Sanitary Codes. 45 



In drugs and medicines, the label must indicate what 
proportion of alcohol is in the drug, or of morphine, co- 
caine, chloroform, chloride. Great changes are seen in 
the labeling of whiskey and wines. Between June .jO, 
1906, and July, 1907, general food laws or sweeping 
amendments to old laws were passed in thirty-two states. 
Dr. Mitchell, (Secretary of the Board of Health of New 
Jersey, states that the act has diminished to a very large 
extent, the shijjnient of adulterated foods and drugs into 
the State. (Secure a copy of New Jersey's "Pure Food 
Law.") 

Secure copies of the ordinances on smoke nuisance 
and noise, also a copy of the ordinance governing the lo- 
cation of slaughter houses, stables, and other buildings 
detrimental to health. The code of the Board of Health, 
section 830, provides that slaughter houses shall not be 
allowed in the city without a permit from the Board of 
Health, and in section 834, it lays down rules as to the 
condition in which stables must be kept. 

The code of the Board of Health, Section 829a. pro- 
vides that no rabbits, guinea pigs, pigeons, ducks, geese, 
or other fowls shall be kept in the city, except under 
a permit granted by the Board of Health, and that no 
animals of any kind shall be kept in tenement houses or 
tenement house yards, neither shall animals be permitted 
to run at large. 

The building code of the city of Newark, Chap. 14, Sec. 
80 (See Xeicark Evening Neivs, Wednesday, Decem- 
ber 28, 1910), provides that no stable for horses or cat- 
tle shall be within forty feet of a dwelling hou.se, church 
or public building, within the present fire limits, or within 
thirty feet, if outside the fire limits. Stables for horses, 
only, may be erected not less than twenty feet from a 
dwelling house, church or public building, provided they 
are built of brick, and meet the reciuiremeuts of the 
sanitary code of the Board of Health. 

The location of all water-closets is strictly regulated 
by the building code of the city. (See Chap. 21, Sec. 129.) 



4:6 Newark in the Public Schools. 



The same section regulates the establishment of any dan- 
gerous business. 

The Labor of Women and Children 

The labor of women and children is strictly regulated 
by law. The work of women is restricted because of its 
effect upon the home, for the woman is the home maker 
and the mother. The labor of young children is forbid- 
den for two reasons. First: Childhood is the time for 
education, and if a child is put to work too soon, he loses 
this privilege. Our government more than any other in 
the world, requires that its citizens should be educated, 
because they are the rulers. (For rules determining the 
time when children may go to work, see pamphlet "The 
Public School System of Newark," issued by the Board 
of Education.) Second: The child, if shut up in a fac- 
tory or confined too closely to hard labor is sure to suffer 
physically, and is too often placed in surroundings per- 
nicious to morals. (Investigate the labor of children in 
the glass works of New Jersey, and in the cotton mills 
of the South.) 

Quarantine 

The word is derived from a word meaning "forty," 
for the reason that a vessel coming into port was de- 
tained forty days before it was permitted to discharge 
its passengers or cargo, for fear of introducing con- 
tagious disease. The word has come to apply to all se- 
gregation of people afflicted with contagious disease. The 
National Government has a quarantine station in all 
seaports to prevent the introduction of disease from for- 
eign countries. No ship can discharge its cargo in New 
York Harbor until its passengers have passed the in- 
spection of the health officer, and if a case of contagious 
disease is discovered, all on board are detained or "quar- 
antined" until the period of danger has passed. Dr. 
Barringer, a former Superintendent of Schools of New- 
ark, was once detained in lower New York Bay for 
something like two weeks, and not allowed to land, be- 



Contagious Diseases. 4IJ 



cause the vessel on which he was a passenger, came into 
port with a case of contagious disease on board. 

Houses may be quarantined, but disinfection and fumi- 
gation at the present day, have largely taken the place 
of quarantine. Houses where there are cases of scarlet 
fever and diphtheria are still quarantined by placing a 
notice on the door warning people not to enter. 

In former times, when epidemics of contagion broke 
out in cities, the}- were quarantined by all neighboring 
cities, and a cordon of police or soldiers stretched around 
the city to prevent anyone from entering or leaving, but 
the science of modern sanitation has rendered such dras- 
tic remedies unnecessary, and substitutes prevention like 
vaccination for smallpox, uses antitoxin for diphtheria, 
and fumigates to kill germs of other diseases. 

The protection of the health of the city is almost al- 
together in the hands of the local and state governments, 
but the National Government also has an important duty 
to perform, as indicated above, in the quarantining of 
cases of contagious disease from foreign countries. 

The powers of the State and local health boards are 
very wide and rigorous, for the reason that they are 
dealing with questions of life and death very often, and 
the health of a community, the same as the health of 
an individual, is a prime consideration. Hence, the 
large powers which these boards possess. 

(On the question of Quarantine, see Dunn's "The Com- 
munity and the Citizen." ]>. 60, and "Town and City," 
Chapters 21 and 22.) 

Note:— Do not fail to read to the class the story of 
Dr. Eeed, Surgeon of the United States Army in Cuba, 
who discovered that yellow fever was ])roi)agated by the 
mosquito. The remedy now is isolation, by secluding the 
patient behind mosquito netting. Also in some maga- 
zine if possible, secure the story of the cleaning up of 
Havana, and almost all the cities of Cuba, that were the 
breeding places of the terrible scourge, yellow fever. 



50 Newark in the Public Schools. 

^COURSE OF STUDY IN CIVICS 
Juvenile Leagues in the Schools. 

The teaching of civics, in order to be effective, must 
embrace some form of civic activity. The children should 
do something for the good of the community, that is, 
for the neighborhood, or the city. 

The most obvious fields of activity' are the school, the 
building, the yard or playgrounds, and the surrounding 
streets. Whatsoever is offensive and unsightly, detri- 
mental to health, or in violation of law, is a proper field 
for investigation and action. The litter of papers and 
refuse: marks on sidewalks, buildings, and fences; muti- 
lation, vandalism, and damage of any kind to property; 
cleanliness of the school building, and the surround- 
ing streets, dooryards, and pavements; observance of 
the ordinances for the disposal of garbage by the scaven- 
ger and people in the community; protection and care 
of shade trees ; improper advertisements, illegal signs and 
billboards; unnecessary noises in the streets around the 
school, including cries of street vendors and barking of 
dogs, and blowing of horns; the display of objectionable 
pictures and cards in the windows of stores — all supply 
opportunities to the teachers and principals to drill the 
pupils in practical civics, and train them for good citizen- 
ship. 

"Every community needs personal devotion, not the 
sentimental devotion of the man who says he loves his 
mother, and does nothing to support her in her declining 
years, but the devotion shown by personal sacrifice and 
willingness to take trouble." 

Pledge 

Our pupils reverently pledge allegiance to our flag 
and country, why not to the city? I suggest that the chil- 
dren take the following pledge, adapted from the circu- 
lar, "The Good Citizen Says :" 

"I am a citizen of Newark. I will do nothing to dese- 
crate her soil, pollute her air, or degrade her children — 



Course of Study, Grade 6B. 51 

my brothers and sisters. I will try to make her beauti- 
ful and her citizens healthy and happy, so that she may 
be a desired home for myself noAv, and for her children 
in days to come.'" 

Plan of Organization 

If separate civic activity cannot prevail in each grade, 
there should be at least one league acting for the whole 
school. A list of subjects suitable for investigation and 
civic action on the part of the children is given in the 
work prescribed for each grade. 

COURSE OF STUDY 

Grade 6B 

(See Syllabus.) 

Subjects suggested for investigation by the grade, and 

for such remedial action as conditions may require. (See 

"Juvenile Leagues in the Schools'' page — . ) 

1. Street lights — their proper placing and protection. 

2. Sale of explosives and a sane Fourth of July. 

3. Tenement houses. Fire escapes. 

4. Conditions under which milk is kept and sold in 
stores. 

The teacher and x>i'incipal may substitute others. 

The Community or Social Group 

A community is a group of people living in a single 
locality, having common interests and subject to common 
laws. Every one receives from (rights, privileges) and 
gives (duties and obligations) to the life of the com- 
munity. This is citizenship. ("The Community and the 
Citizen," Arthur William Dunn, Chapters II, III, IV.) 

The family, the class, the school, the club, the city, 
the county, the state, the nation, as communities or so- 
cial groups. 

Protection of Life and Property 

Danger from fire, fire department, water supply, con 
struction of buildings, building ordinances, fire insur 
ance, street lighting. 



Newark in tlie riiblic Schools. 



Regulation of certain kinds of business for safety — 
liquor traffic, sale of explosives, pawn shops, speed of 
cars, railroad crossings. 

Reading and Reference 

Each teacher should have a copy of "The Community 
and the Citizen," ^'Town and City," ''Good Health," and 
"Emergencies." They are all on the list. 

Note: — From the topics assigned to this grade, the 
teacher will select those which she can teach most effec- 
tively in the allotted time. 

Syllabus 

In discussing the family as a social group, ask : What 
are the common interests of the family? Common laws? 
What other rights and privileges have members of the 
family? What are the duties of members of the family? 
Be careful to point out that the duties of a member of a 
family are the same as the duties of a good citizen, and 
that therefore a good home is the best school for good 
citizenship. Ask the same questions with respect to the 
city. Have the class make as long a list as possible, of 
the rights and privileges of citizens, and especially of the 
duties of every citizen, both official and unofficial. (See 
"The Community and the Citizen," Chapter VI.) 

Secure from the Building Department in the City Hall, 
a list of the fire limits, and trace them out on the large 
map of the city of Newark, using also the small map. 
Learn the distinction between the low service and high 
service hydrants. (See the report of the Board of Fire 
Commissioners for 1909.) For regulations governing the 
construction of buildings, in order to lessen the danger 
of fire, see the Building Code of the city of Newark {New- 
ark Evening Neics, December 28, 1910). 

In the matter of law-breakers, impress upon the chil- 
dren that every one, no matter how bad a criminal, is 
entitled to a fair trial, and is presumed to be innocent 
until he is proven guilty; must have witnesses called 
for liis side, counsel assigned to him, and all the ad- 



Government. 53 



vantages and powers necessary to secure a fair trial — 
in other Avords, justice. 

Impress upon the children the necessity of watching 
for violations of city ordinances, especially near their 
homes. This will apply to the sale of candies, liquors, 
etc., all games of chance, and slot machines that contain 
gambling deviitcs. llit' s;ile <»r cxpldsivcs on i\ (lat<' for- 
bidden by city ordinance. 

The lire alarm telegraph on the fourth floor of the City 
Hall has a number of delicate machines that receive the 
alarm from the box and send it out to the various engine 
houses. A committee of children might visit this room, 
and report to the class. Impress upon the children the 
necessity of reporting anyone sending in false alarms, or 
doing anything whatever to embarrass the Fire Depart- 
ment. All who commit offenses of this kind are bad 
citizens. 

Government 

4 

The congregation of great populations in cities has 
brought a perplexing problem in the shape of municipal 
government. This crowding of people into cities increases 
the part jjlayed by government in the personal affairs of 
every individual. It brings prominently to the front the 
community life without which the existence of a city is 
impossible. A little review of the life of a farmer, say 
a century ago, makes this plain. The farmer was isolated. 
He raised his own wheat and corn, which were ground 
into flour and meal at a neighboring mill for a share of 
the grain. He raised all the beef, pork and vegetables 
that he required. He raised sheep, carded, spun and 
wove tlio wool for clothing. He raised flax, and from it 
made his own linen ; dipped his own candles, which af- 
forded sulficient light for a life in which the rule Avas 
to rise with daylight, and go to bed when it was dark. 
He got milk from his own coavs ; eggs from his own 
fowls; firewood from liis oaau forest. He had everything 
except )iioney, and little need for that. Tender such con- 
ditions, government might well be regarded as an out- 
side affair. 



54 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Compare such a life Avith that of a resident in one of 
our modern cities, in which one-third of the population 
of the United States is noAv crowded together. The city 
family is dependent for every article of food and clothing 
upon the products of far distant places, brought to it 
by great transportation companies. The family depends 
upon fuel brought from distant coal mines; on light 
from gas and electrical plants, over which it has no con- 
trol. Public and social life are all adjusted to communi- 
cation by telegraph, telephone, and post-office. The 
family has no control at all over the things absolutely 
necessary for daily life. A strike in the coal mines may 
at any time put out the kitchen fire ; a strike in the light- 
ing plants may plunge the house into darkness; a strike 
on the railroad may cut off the most necessary supplies; 
the meat may be diseased ; the milk may be full of tuber- 
culosis ; and the water full of typhoid germs, unless some- 
body is appointed by the Government to inspect the sources 
of these supplies. Access to his home depends upon a 
street department; safety from thieves, upon the police; 
freedom from pestilence, upon the Board of Health. 
Under these circumstances the individual is entirely help- 
less. The only way in which he can survive is by organi- 
zation for control over these conditions and this organiza- 
tion of the community is government. 

(See ''The Citizen's Part in Government," by Root, 
in Yale Lectures on "Responsibilities of Citizenship.") 

COURSE OF STUDY 

Grade 6A 

(See Syllabus.) 

Subjects suggested for investigation by the grade and 
for such remedial action as conditions may require. (See 
"Juvenile Leagues in the Schools," page — .) 

1. Shade trees in the streets and parks, and their 
care. 

2. Bill-boards, advertisements or signs that are un- 
sightly, improper or Avrongly placed. 



Civic Beauty. 57 

3. Froutvards and sidewalks in the neighborhood. 
The teacher and principal may substitute other topics. 

Civic Beauty 

\'isit parks, Court House, City Hall, Library, Pruden- 
tial Buildings and Mutual Benefit Building. Note es- 
pecially style of arcliitecture and decorations. 

Opportunities of art. Beauty in the home, school and 
street. 

School gardens and yards. 

Pavements — noise. Littering streets. 

Trees — Arbor Day. 

Poles and Avires. 

Advertisements and the censorship of the Common 
Council. 

Parks and boulevards. 

Regulation of smoke nuisance. 

The Shade Tree Commission. 

The Park Commission. 

Duties of children and citizens in promoting civic 
beauty. 

For Reading and Reference 

See under Grade GB. There is an abundance of litera- 
ture on this subject. Apply at the Library. 

Note: — From the topics assigned to this grade the 
teacher will select those which she can teach most eflfec- 
tively in the allotted time. 

Syllabus 

Parks and Boulevards 

Many cities have laid out extensive systems of boule- 
vards and parks, such as the Essex County Park Commis- 
sion has made for Greater Newark. Boston, Chicago, and 
Kansas City have been especially active in this work. 

Bill-Board Nuisance 

War has been made in many cities on bill-boards as a 
defacement of the landscape, and an eye-sore to the 
beauty of the city. A recent judicial decision declares 



58 Newark in the Public Schools. 

that a glaring bill-board set opposite a man's house, in 
a vacant lot, on a public highway, in a country or town 
devoted to homes, is just as offensive to the immediate 
residents as would be the maintenance of a pig-sty giving 
forth offensive odors, or the maintenance of a stone- 
breaking machine. Many cities forbid the erection of 
bill-boards near parks. Let anyone stand on the Brooklyn 
Bridge in New York, and look towards Manhattan, and 
he will see the bill-board nuisance in all its glaring enorm- 
ity. The roof of the second city in the world seems to be 
a sea of signs. 

Beauty in many parts of the world is an asset of the 
very highest value. Switzerland has grown rich, not on 
its soil, but on its landscapes. The day is not far distant 
when travellers will not be accompanied to Philadelphia 
by continuous announcements of whiskies, breakfast 
foods, automobiles, hams, teas, and quack medicines. 

Arrangement of Public Buildings 

Some cities attempt to group their public buildings ef- 
fectively. Unfortunately, Newark lost a great oppor- 
tunity in the simultaneous construction of a library, 
court house, and city hall, and in failing to group them 
in such a manner as to afford massed architectural effect 
not only adding to the beauty of the city, but also to 
public convenience. Park Place facing Military Park on 
the east side affords an unusual series of sites for group- 
ing with all the advantage of an open space in front. The 
great show cities of Europe — Paris and Vienna — depend 
upon massed architectural effect for their principal 
charm. Springfield, Mass., has grouped its public build- 
ings in an arrangement of great beauty and attractive- 
ness. Cleveland has grouped its Court House, Post Office, 
Library, City Hall, Chamber of Commerce. Pittsburgh, 
one of the ugliest cities on the American continent, is just 
now planning a similar civic improvement. Milwaukee 
is engaged in planning a system of boulevards and parks 
to enhance the beauty of the city. There is only one 
American citv which has been laid out on an artistic 



City Planning. 59 



design. That city is Washington. The vistas given by 
diagonal avenues do much for the beauty of cities, as 
one sees in Washington and cities abroad. 

Copy of the City Plan Commission Act of New Jersey 

An Act to enable cities of the first class in this State 
to provide for a City Plan Commission and to provide 
funds for the same. 

Be It Enacted by the Senate and General Assembly 
of the State of New Jersey: 

1. It shall be lawful for the mayor of any city of the 
first class of this State to appoint a commission, consist- 
ing of not more than nine citizens of such city, to prepare 
a plan for the systematic and future development of said 
city, which said commission shall be known as the "City 
Plan Commission" and the members of which shall hold 
office for one year, and shall serve without pay. Such 
commission shall have the power and authority to employ 
experts and to pay for their services and for such other 
expenses as may be necessary, to an amount not exceed- 
ing the appropriation as hereinafter provided. 

2. It shall be lawful for the board having charge of 
the finances of any city of the first class as aforesaid, to 
appropriate any amount not exceeding ten thousand dol- 
lars the first year and not exceeding ten thousand dollars 
any subsequent year that such commission may remain in 
existence, and to raise the money so authorized the first 
year by appropriating for that purpose any moneys in 
the treasury of such city not otherwise ap])ropriated, or 
by issuing and selling temporary loan bonds or certifi- 
cates of indebtedness, provided that such bonds or certi- 
ficates shall be sold at public or private sale, after due 
advertisement, at not less than par, and bearing interest 
at not more than five per centum, and any subsequent 
year by providing in the annual tax budget for the sum 
appropriated. 

3. This act shall take effect immediately. 
Approved March 30, 1911. 

Under the provisions of this act the Mayor of Newark 



60 Newark in the Public Schools. 



appointed a City Plan Commission of nine members, who 
met and organized June 7, 1911. 

The Commission has issued a pamphlet setting forth 
the plan and scope of its operations, which are condensed 
in the following outline: 

Fiist. The advice and assistance of experts on the sub- 
ject of municipal planning are to be secured. 

Second. The Commission, recognizing that it has no 
power to enforce its conclusions, seeks to become the 
city's disinterested friend and adviser by getting into 
touch and friendly relations with all the departments of 
the city government likely to be affected by the work of 
the Commission. 

Third. Statistics of population, manufactures, rail- 
way and other transportation facilities, housing condi- 
tions, and congestion, will be secured and formulated. 

Fourth. It will be necessary to consider the share and 
influence of the State and Federal Governments in any 
large plans of the Commission with respect to such mat- 
ters as potable water and riparian rights, and also to keep 
informed not only on present laws, but proposed legisla- 
tion affecting the work of the Commission. 

Fifth. The Commission will seek to have all the chil- 
dren in the schools of Newark instructed as to the pres- 
ent and future needs and plans for the growth of the 
city. 

Sixth. The co-operation and sympathy of all local im- 
provement associations, and civic clubs of men and 
women, will be sought and also the good-will and co-op- 
eration of the great corporate enterprises doing business 
in our city as most important allies in all efforts for im- 
provement. 

Seventh. Neighboring tow^ns and cities bound to New- 
ark through common interest in public utilities, such as 
sewerage, parks, boulevards, roads, rapid transit, water 
transportation, docks, etc., should be brought into co- 
operation with the Commission in its plans for the de- 
velopment of Greater Newark as a single community, al- 
though embracing several municipalities. 



City Planning. 61 



Eighth. The Commission will lay out as soon as pos- 
sible, certain specific plans which may be brought to a 
conclusion at the 250th anniversary of the city's settle- 
ment, in 1916, in order that Newark may wisely show 
by the completion five years hence, of some public im- 
provement of commanding importance, that after two and 
a half centuries of life, it is still a city of progress. 

Ninth. The utmost publicity will be given to the work 
of the Commission through the newspapers ; the prepara- 
tion and distribution at home and abroad of bulletins and 
reports in which the results of investigations, progress 
and all plans are set forth; and the posting in schools, 
trolley cars and other public places of placards like the 
following : 

"What Does City Planning Mean? 

Why has a City Planning Commission been created? 

City planning means development of our city accord- 
ing to carefully prepared plans ; stopping all further ran- 
dom development, all haphazard extensions, and all im- 
provements for certain favored sections or limited locali- 
ties. It means considering every suggested change or im- 
provement as to its effect on the entire city and on all 
suburbs and nearby towns. 

City planning is for all, and especially for the man of 
modest income. It means better housing and attractive 
and healthful surroundings for the humblest homes. It 
means securing for the cheapest tenement the sunny, airy, 
sanitary conditions which health, science and common 
sense demand. 

It means a City Efficient, a City Clean and a City Enjoy- 
able. 

The Commissi(m wishes <o help, first of all, to make 
Newark a good city in which to live and work, equal to 
the best. 
Newark, N. J. 

THE CITY PLANNING COMMISSION." 



62 Newark iu the Public Schools. 



Smoke Nuisance 

The smoke nuisance is receiving serious attention 
throughout American cities. Mr. Wilson, an engineer in 
Pittsburg, says that his investigations show that a smoke- 
less American city is entirely possible. The smoky city 
is to be a sign and relic of barbarism. The principal 
sufferers are the large stores of various kinds, including 
those dealing in fabrics which lose value when they are 
soiled by being sooted. 

New York City has an anti-smoke league. The Penn- 
sylvania Eailroad has taught its engineers and firemen 
that the smoke nuisance is largely in their hands; it is 
largely a matter of proper firing. The Company has 
appointed five travelling engineers to give instructions. 

Newark has a Smoke Inspector with an office in the 
City Hall. (Get a copy of the Smoke Ordinance.) 

Noise in Cities 

Dr. Darlington, health commissioner of the Port of 
New York, in October, 1906, said on the subject of noises 
and their control, ''that it is the custom to speak of noises 
as if they were a special characteristic of the American 
city." All cities are noisy. The noises especially trying 
are steam w^hi sties, motor vehicles of all kinds, and the 
electric car. Some of these are apparently unavoidable. 
Many of them are illegal, and might be suppressed. 

New York has a society for the prevention of unneces- 
sary noises, and has obtained a federal law regulating 
steam whistles on city water-ways, and has demonstrated 
the practicability of hospital zones of quiet. The Health 
Department of New York can be invoked by any citizen 
against the parrot, dog, talking machine, or deadly flat 
wheel. 

St. Louis has more stringent laws against unnecessary 
noises than any other city in the country, and enforces 
them without difficulty. Bells as a means of advertise- 
ment and steam whistles of all kinds are absolutely for- 
bidden. Street music is not tolerated and street vendors 




YOUNG TULIP TREE, RIDGE STREET 



Saiu' Foiuili (tl' -luh . 



seem to be able to conduct their business without sliout 
ing their wares. 

Every holiday in our country is made the occasion of 
a strident outburst of noise — Hallowe'en, Election Day, 
Christmas, 2s'ew Year's, Inauguration Day, Fourth of 
July, each witnesses our streets thronged with crowds 
provided with every noisy device from a tin trumpet to 
the dangerous pistol. Shrieking whistles shrill above the 
street clamor and booming of bells. Accidents occur, the 
sick are made worse by these demoustrations, an<l the 
young fail to appreciate the siguiticauce of the da}' thus 
drowned in noise. Of all these ''noise-fests," the most 
shocking is the Fourth of July. In all big cities, the 
Fourth of July is now looked forward to with appre- 
hension. In our large foreign population, very few of 
those making the greatest noise, knoAv what the holiday 
stands for. 

The American Medical Journal has collected statistics 
setting forth what the celebration costs in life and human 
usefulness. They form the severest arraignment of the 
ruthlessness which is willing to pay such a price for a 
"jolly day." They show that during the celebration of 
five national birthdays from 1903 to 1007, 1.153 persons 
were killed and 21,520 were injured. The number killed 
about equals the enrollment in the average Newark school. 
This will give the children some adequate idea of the 
slaughter. For example, if all the children in Miller 
Street School, or Hawthorne Avenue School, or South 
Tenth Street School were killed, we would have brought 
home to us in a striking manner, the number we have 
butchered in five years to make a national holiday. 

The Cleveland Plain Dealer says that the traditional 
gunpowder and dynamite orgies of In<lepeudence Day 
are wrong. Fire arms and explosives have no place in any 
sane scheme of city life. 

The United States is the only civilized country which 
observes the greatest of its celebrations in such an un- 
civilized fashion. Our sister republics, France, Switzer- 
land, and Brazil, rejoice as heartily as we, over their 



66 Newark in the Public Schools. 



national birthdays, but they celebrate them in a sane 
and happy way, and not in a barbarous manner. 

Many cities have already forbidden the sale and use of 
all gunpowder, pistols and fire crackers on the Fourth of 
July. Springfield, Mass., has substituted a carnival; 
Washington and Philadelphia have to a greater extent 
forbidden the firing of any gun or fire crackers on the 
streets, and Newark schools should add their influence 
in endeavoring to do away with this barbarous means of 
celebrating the Fourth of July, and help on the day when 
we shall celebrate our greatest national holiday in a sane 
and happy manner. 

Shade Trees and Parks 

Newark, perhaps, has shown more interest in beautify- 
ing its streets by the planting of trees, than in any other 
wa}'. Tills has its effect in the greater care of lawns, 
removal of front fences, planting of vines, and 'Sparking." 
Tree planting has spread through all the cities of our 
country. In Washington, the street trees number 78,- 
000. There is a society in New York for the planting 
of vines. New Haven is known as "The City of Elms;" 
Cleveland, the ''Forest City;" Koches+er, "The Flower 
City." 

Parks have become a necessity in cities and towns. In 
St. Louis, the famous Tower Grove Park and Shaw's 
Garden came from an individual. New York City system 
secures competitive designs for artistic street lamps, 
the most artistic flag poles, park benches, and drinking 
fountains. Its motto is, "To make us love our city, we 
must make our city lovely." 

The Newark Shade Tree Commission. 

(Leaflet prepared by Mr. Carl Bannwart, Secretary of the Shade Tree 
Commission.) 

The Shade Tree Commission of the City of Newark 
consists of "three freeholders appointed by the Mayor, 
who serve without compensation." These Commis- 
sioners have "exclusive and absolute control and 
power to plant, set out, maintain, protect and care for 



Shade Trees and Parks. 67 

shade trees in any of the public highways of the City 
of Newark ; and "exclusive control of the public parks 
belonging to or under control of the City of Newark, 
with full power and authority to improve, repair, man- 
age, maintain and control the same." In other Avords, 
the Mayor appoints three citizens to look after the wel- 
fare of the street trees and citj- parks. He says to them, 
in effect, "There are weighty questions concerning the 
trees of the city which must be studied and solved. De- 
cide these matters on behalf of the city. Determine how 
to set out trees which shall make our new and old streets 
beautiful, shady and park-like. Devise means to protect 
our trees, new and old, from insects and horses and 
everything that is harmful. Administer our parks so 
that they shall be of greatest benefit to the greatest num- 
ber — good to look at and comfortable and pleasant to 
sit in. It is also your dut}^ to enact ordinances so that 
offenses against trees and parks can be prosecuted." 

Thus authorized, the Shade Tree Commission began 
its work in 1904. It has set out in the past seven years 
over twenty thousand trees. If these were set in a 
straight line at the usual intervals of thirty-three feet, 
the line would reach from Newark, N. J., to Wilmington, 
Delaware, and beyond. The Commission takes system- 
atic care of these plantings. This care consists in culti- 
vating, watering, mulching, trimming, and spraying at 
regular intervals. To "cultivate" means to keep the 
soil about the base of the tree well-loosened. To "mulch" 
means to apply partly rotted straw or manure to the 
opening around the tree. To "spray" means to apply 
in very fine drops by means of a hose and nozzle a solu- 
tion of Arsenate of Lead, a poison which kills leaf-eating 
insects without harming the tree. A wood-eating insect 
which bores into the wood, and is thence named "borer," 
is combated by injecting bi-sulphide of carbon into the 
"bore" or tunnel made by this insect, and closing the en- 
trance with putty. The carbon bi-sulphide gives off 
fumes which kill this destructive insect. The "scale,'' 
an insect which attaches itself to the bark and sucks 



68 Newark in the Public Schools. 

the sap, is treated with a spray of "soluble oil." Then an 
abnormal growth called fungus, which is like small moss 
growing upon the bark and branches, is treated with a 
different spra}'. 

The Commission also seeks to minimize the damage 
done by other agencies that work harm to trees. For 
instance, some drivers allow their horses to bite trees. 
There are those who throw brine Avater from ice-cream 
tubs near the roots. Sometimes sideAvalk layers, build- 
ers, and even property oAvners cause slow starvation to 
a tree by not allowing a large enough opening at the 
base. All these are reasoned with and if incorrigible 
prosecuted. 

Our city parks are appraised at a value of nine mil- 
lion dollars. (By "city parks" we do not mean Weequa- 
hic, Branch Brook, East and West Side Parks. These 
are county parks within city limits.) The Commission 
seeks to handle this investment, which is growing more 
valuable every year, so that the city and its citizens may 
get a good return. These parks are the oases in the 
city desert of brick and mortar. Charles Eliot fitly ex- 
pressed the necessity for parks in this sentence: "The 
life history of humanity has proved nothing more clearly 
than that crowded populations, if they would live in 
health and happiness, must have space for air, for light, 
for exercise, for rest and for tlie enjoyment of that 
peaceful beauty of nature which because it is opposite 
to the noisy ugliness of towiis, is so wonderfully re- 
freshing to the tired souls of townpeople." 

These neighborhood parks are also powerful factors 
in the fight against such diseases as are due to the 
crowded conditions of modern cities. To such spacious 
and inviting areas, children, invalids, overworked moth- 
ers and toiling fathers nmy resort and drink in the pure 
air of the open, while the prospect pleases and be- 
guiles them from their cares. 

Then parks in cities are useful as safeguards against 
great fires. City parks stayed the flames in San Fran- 
cisco and Baltimore. When oilier agencies proved in- 




ESSEX COUNTY COURT HOUSE, MARKET. 13th AVENUE AND HIGH STREET 
COST OF LAND. $126,768.05: BUILDING. $1.821.1.16.86 




PARK AVENUE BRIDGE, BRANCH BROOK PARK. COST $83,687.67 
COMPLETED 1904 



Course of Study, Grade IB. 71 

effective, these stretches, too wide to be overleapt by the 
flames, delimited the conflagration. This unlooked for 
source of help may prove in such calamities the friend 
in need which is a friend indeed, when oilier helpers are 
impotent. 

The above is a brief record which points the direction 
this Commission would lead. These trees are charged 
with an important mission. We depend on Ihem to con- 
vert commonplace streets into well-shaded avenues, to 
invite to wholesome out-of-door life by their charm and 
variety. But the trees are young and tender. They are 
scattered over three hundred miles of streets, six hun- 
dred miles of frontage. Dangers seen and unseen assail 
them. The enemies are many, multiform and persistent. 
Therefore we cannot attain the stately columns and 
health-giving foliage, the graceful arches and cooling 
shade unless young and old join heartily in all protect- 
ive measures. Our aim, the city beautiful, deserves and 
requires the aid of everyday patriots. We invite you to 
be one of that noble army who strive to defend these 
children of the forest set out to gladden the children of 
men. 

Band Concerts 

The claim of the ear is not forgotten. Band concerts 
in season, are given in many places throughout our city, 
as well as in many other cities of the countr}'. 

Pericles said, "Make Athens beautiful, for beauty is 
now the most victorious power in the world." 

COURSE OF STUDY 
Grade 7B 

Subjects suggested for investigation by the grade, and 
for such remedial action as conditions may require. (See 
''Juvenile Leagues in the Schools," page — .) 

1. Care of cases of destitution in the community, and 
reporting them to the proper relief agency. 



Newark iu the Public Schools. 



2. Children that are not in school because of lack of 
clothes or other necessity. 

3. Playgrounds. 

The teacher and principal may substitute others. 

Charity and Crime 

The defectives and dependents ; the blind, the crippled, 
the incurables, the aged, the insane, the poor. (See leaflet 
on "School System of Newark.") 

The criminal; prevention, regulation, and punishment 
of crime; juvenile courts and reformatories. (See 
Syllabus.) 

The ungraded schools, the City Home at Verona, the 
Caldwell Penitentiary, the County Jail, the New Jersey 
Reform School at Jamesburg, the Reformatory at Rah- 
way. 

Criminals, their arrest, hearing, and trial by jury. 
(See Syllabus.) 

Violation of i^ostal laws, excise laws, customs laws. 
Counterfeiting money. 

Duty of the individual to cultivate the virtues that 
make for personal righteousness, economic independence, 
and social efficiency. 

For Reading and Reference 

See under Grade 6B. 

Note : — From the topics assigned to this grade, the 
teacher will select those which she can teach most effec- 
tively in the allotted time. 

Syllabus 

Defectives 

The school system of NeAvark provides for several 
classes of defectives. 1. The deaf. 2. The blind. 3. 
The imperfect. 4. The incorrigibles. ( See leaflet on the 
"School System of Newark," issued by the Board of Edu- 
cation.) One or two pupils might visit each one of these 
schools, and learn something of the way they are con- 
ducted, and report to the rest of the class. 



Care of the Insane. 73 

The city has a sanitorium at Verona for those afflicted 
with tuberculosis, a hospital for the insane at Overbrook, 
and an isolation hospital at Soho for cases of contagious 
disease, and a house of detention for juvenile offenders. 

Care of the Insane in Essex County 

(Leaflet prepared by Dr. L. S. Hinckley.) 

As we mingle wdth the crowd, we often hear the ex- 
pressions ''He's batty," ''He hasn't all his buttons," to 
which there is apt to be a mirthful rejoinder. But, 
when some member of our own family becomes mentally 
deranged, sorrow and anxiety are in the home. What 
is to be done? For the "well to do," there is the private 
sanitorium. Many prefer the public hospital, admission 
to which is regulated by law. 

Latcs governing the Commitment of Insane Persons 
to the Essex County Hospital for the Insane. 

First. A foreigner becoming insane within three 
years after landing may be returned to his own coun- 
try through the action of the Police Surgeon and the 
Commission of Immigration upon proof that such for- 
eigner showed any manifestations of insanity prior to 
landing. 

Second. A foreigner coming directly to this country 
who becomes insane after living in the county one year 
from the time of landing, is entitled to admission to the 
County Hospital for the Insane. 

Third. No man or woman coming from any other 
county or state, and becoming insane, can be admitted 
to the County Hospital, unless a ten years' legal resi- 
dence in the county has been established. 

Fourth. A married woman may be admitted to the 
County Hospital in case of derangement, no matter where 
she comes from, provided her husband has established a 
ten years' legal residence in the county. 

Fifth. All other cases of insanity in any county of 
this state, must be sent to State Hospitals for the insane. 



74 Newark in the Public Schools. 

State patients are not chargeable to the county from 
which they come. 

Process of Commitment to the Hospital. 

If a deranged man is found on the street, he is ar- 
rested, and the Police Surgeon examines him. If he 
finds evidence of insanity, he calls another physician, usu- 
ally an expert. Under the law two physicians must cer- 
tify under oath that the man is insane before he can 
be committed. They must answer a series of questions 
on 1-egal blanks provided for the purpose, and seek from 
the patient's relatives and friends all possible informa- 
tion that bears on his mental condition. The patient is 
then taken to the City Hospital and placed in a ward 
especially selected for such cases. If any doubt exists 
as to the mental state of the patient, he is held there for 
a few days for observation ; if none exists, the case is 
sent to the county or state hospital, as the law directs. 

Historical. 

Essex County possesses the proud distinction of being 
among the foremost in the care of her insane. The Cam- 
den Street Asylum opened in 1871, with 110 patients, and 
soon became overcrowded. In 1881, the Asylum on South 
Orange Avenue was opened with 851 patients and in ten 
years this institution became overcrowded. By act of 
the legislature in 1888, the word "hospital" was sub- 
stituted for "asylum," giving it the dignity of a curative 
institution in place of a simple store-house for the insane. 

The first of the magnificent array of buildings at Over- 
brook was occupied about fourteen years ago. The 
ground on which these buildings were erected, comprises 
330 acres. The cost of the plant as it now stands, is 
upward of three and one-half millions. There are now 
one thousand four hundred patients and 350 employees, 
including officers, in the Hospital. This magnificent 
curative institution, equipped with the latest scientific 
appliances, is of fire-proof construction. 



Care of the Insane. 75 



Fifty years ago in Essex County, the dangerous lunatic 
was chained and confined in a cell. In comparing this 
condition with the humane and scientific treatment of 
our insane today, ihere is cause for just pride. 

Manageinent. 

This institution is under control of the Board of Free- 
holders and directly managed by a medical superintend- 
ent in the medical department and a warden in the 
executive department, the same as our state hospitals. 

On arrival at the Hospital, the certificates of the phy- 
sicians committing a patient are scrutinized and if found 
correct, he is ushered into the receiving ward. His 
clothing is removed and disinfected and he is cleansed 
and fed, ready for inspection by the ward doctor, who 
makes a careful examination into the mental and phy- 
sical condition of the case, which he writes in his ward 
book, prescribes the necessary treatment for the patient 
and thus the history of the patient and his institutional 
life are begun whicli may or may not terminate favor- 
ably. 

You may ask, "Does any one ever get out?" A glance 
over the records for the year ending April, 1010, shows 
that 300 patients were admitted and that 80 were dis- 
charged recovered, and 40 were discharged improved. 

The routine life in the Hospital is on the rule of early 
to bed and early to rise. All work who can, first, be- 
cause it is better for the patient to be occupied, and 
second, to keep an institution of such dimensions scrupu- 
lously clean, requires the help of every able-bodied pa- 
tient. The beds, for instance, are aired daily until four 
o'clock p. m., then they are prepared for the night. 
Think what it means to make up 1,400 beds for patients 
alone. However, it is not all work. Certain hours are 
set aside for out-of-door recreation and on certain days 
the amusement hall is opened for dancing or other enter- 
tainment. Then come the hours in which selected pa- 
tients receive special treatment by electricity, vibratory 



76 Newark in the Public Schools. 

stimulation, or possibly a visit to the dentist. Some who 
become proficient in embroidery, basket weaving, and 
fancy box making are permitted to interest themselves 
in this way and many unique and beautiful articles are 
on exhibition as evidence of their skill. 

In the executive department, the warden is a busy 
man. To begin with he must account for every article 
received and distributed by him, from a shoe lace to a 
set of furniture, and the system of bookkeeping required 
to enable him to show at a moment's notice every item 
received and distributed, entails a vast amount of labor 
for him and his clerks. The steward, who is responsible 
for thousands of pounds of food supplies for the table 
and who closely supervises their distribution must be 
ever vigilant and careful of waste. 

Equipment. 

Under llie Avarden's supervision there is a group of 
large buildings. The laundry, a well-lighted and 
ventilated building, equipped with modern machin- 
ery, has 40,000 pieces per week to be laundered, 
which are all listed and must be accounted for. The 
sewing and repairing of clothing is done in another 
building. There are also a machine shop with a dozen 
stands of machinery adapted to the needs of a large 
town ; a carpenter shop ; a central station equipped with 
dynamos to furnish light, heat and power; a set of bat- 
teries to govern the fire alarm system ; appliances to reg- 
ulate and record the heat and power distribution; a 
bakery witli automatic heat regulators where six barrels 
of flour are used daily for bread, pies, cake, etc. ; a boiler 
house with its battery of six boilers of 600 horse-power 
capacity; a fire house, manned by a crew, and contain- 
ing one hook and ladder and two hose trucks, and con- 
nected with boxes from which an alarm can be rung in 
as in the city. In addition to these are the engine room, 
the cold storage, the ice plant, the store house holding 
everything to be used by patients from crockery to cloth- 
ing, and the butcher shop. The kitchen is presided over 



Juvenile Courts. 77 



by a chef who provides a varied bill of fare from day to 
day with the inevitable fish on Friday. 

Supplies. 

One thousand one hundred quarts of milk and eighty 
pounds of butter are consumed daily. Thirty-eight cows 
on the Hospital farm supply a portion of these two ar- 
ticles. 1,150 two-pound loaves of bread are needed each 
day while twenty-five barrels of potatoes and 4,500 pounds 
of meat are required weekly. The ordinary home-keeper 
is staggered by these figures. 

Trained Nurses. 

Twenty years ago a broad-minded medical superintend- 
ent of a state asylum for the insane conceived the idea 
of establishing schools for nurses, covei-ing a two years' 
course. Three state institutions established such 
schools. Essex County, in 1S8G, through the efforts of 
the then superintendent, established a training school 
for nurses, the curriculum of which was recognized at 
that time as one of the best in the country. Everj- ward 
now hns its trained nurses, capable of properly report- 
ing observations concerning patients and of quickly ad- 
ministering first liel]). 

This important branch of our civic life is con- 
ducted in a manner to reflect great credit on those who 
for years have worked to bring our county hospitals up 
to tlieir present advanced position. 

Juvenile Courts 

The modern tendency in practice is preventive and re- 
formatory, rathei' than penal. This is particularly true in 
the dealing of tlie courts with juveniles. Credit for this 
change is largely due 1o Judge Ben B. Lindsay, of Den- 
ver, affectionately and fjimiliinly known as the ''^Kid 
Judge." His statement of the problem is, ''How to Save 
the Child and Bring Out Ihe Image of God in Him." The 
old me(lu)d of Irenling tlie boy who broke a law was 
merely to punish him. Judge Lindsay's way is to save 
him, and keep liim fi-oiu becoming a criminnl. A l)oy 



78 Newark in the Public Schools. 

plays truant from school, gets with a "gang," is arrested 
for stealing perhaps, and sent to jail. Then the jail be- 
comes his teacher, and before long he is arrested again. 

In dealing with law-breaking boys in Denver, Judge 
Lindsay has adopted a probation system, and seeks to 
make the employer, the teacher, the parent, and the police- 
man co-operate in an effort to save the child, and make 
him a good citizen, instead of a criminal. His method 
is a personal one. He talks with each boy brought before 
him, tries to gain his confidence, making him feel that he 
loves him, and wants to help him, and see that he gets 
a "square deal," but at the same time, making him realize 
if possible, that sin is sin, and that he ought to do right 
because it is right. Love tempered with great firmness 
is the Judge's governing spirit. "You can't reform the 
bad boy by patting him on the back, and telling him to 
be good." There is no justice without love, and love with- 
out justice is sentiment and weakness. The boy must 
be made to feel that in trying to save him from jail, we 
are not trying to save him from the penalty of his own 
misdeed, but will help him to become a man — to give him 
a chance. When you convince a boy that you have come 
to help, and not to hurt; to uplift, and not to degrade; 
that you have come with light and life, and not with 
gloom, it is astonishing what you can do. (See the Out- 
look, February 29, 1908.) 

The Judge finds that the bad boy is not all bad. He 
sent more than two hundred to the reform school alone, 
giving them cash to pay their fare by rail from Denver — 
a distance of 250 miles. In less than half a dozen cases, 
has the boy failed him. Six out of seven of the boys who 
have come under Judge Lindsay's care, have become good 
citizens, whereas in other large cities where the old sys- 
tem is in use, seventy-five per cent, who are arrested go 
again to jail. Judge Lindsay fervently exclaims, "The 
child is the State, and the State is the child, and just so 
far as we neglect the child, we endanger the State." 

Newark has a juvenile court. Have children find out 
all they can about it. Also learn about the parole sys- 




PRUDENTIAL INSURANCE CO.. MAIN BUILDING, BROAD 
AND BANK STREETS. COMPLETED 1892 



Juvenile Courts. 81 



tern in operation, with headquarters at the Court House. 
Describe for the children the process of the arrest, hear- 
ing, and trial of a criminal, which is about as follows: 
If seen in the act of committing a crime, he is arrested. 
If not seen in the act, he cannot be arrested without a 
warrant sworn out by someone who believes that he has 
committed the crime. He is then arrested, taken before 
a magistrate, usuall}^ a police judge, and if there is no 
evidence that he committed the crime, then he must be 
released at once, but if the evidence is incriminating, 
he is held for the grand jury, which indicts or refuses to 
indict according to the evidence. When the crime is not 
murder, the accused is bailed out by someone who deposits 
a sum of money or bond, and agrees that if the accused is 
released, to produce him on the day of trial, or forfeit the 
bail. The trial is conducted before a judge and twelve 
jurors. The manner of proceeding is to read the indict- 
ment, which is a statement of the otfense, to the accused 
man, and he pleads "guilty," or ''not guilty." If he pleads 
"guilty" he is sentenced — either fined or imprisoned, 
or both. If he peads "not guilty," the trial goes on. If 
he is too poor to hire a lawjer, he has one assigned him, 
and all the witnesses he desires are summoned. After 
the examination of witnesses, his lawyer presents his side 
of the case. Then the prosecuting attorney presents the 
side of the State, as all prosecutions are in the name of 
the State. Then the judge sums up, that is, r(nnews all 
the evidence, and instructs the jury as to the law, and 
the jurors retire to deliberate. The verdict of the jury 
must be unanimous, either "guilty" or "not guilty." If 
guilty, the accused is sentenced by the judge — either with 
a fine or imprisonment, or both. If not guilty, he is 
released, and can never be tried again for the same 
offense. 

Counterfeiting, violations of postal laws, and excise 
laws, are of course, all punished by Federal au- 
thorities, as these subjects are under the control of the 
Federal Government. Find out the officials before whom 
cases of this kind are brought. 



82 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Impress strongly upon the children, the virtues enum- 
erated at the end of the last paragraph ; the need of per- 
sonal righteousness on the part of all men. Economic in- 
dependence means the ability to make a living, and so- 
cial efficiency means that an individual shall not only be 
able to support himself and those who are dependent upon 
him, like wife, children, perhaps parents, but also to 
do something for the community, the city, or the state 
in which he lives. 

COURSE OF STUDY 

Grade 7A 

Subjects suggested for investigation by the grade and 
for such remedial action as conditions may require. (See 
''Juvenile Leagues in the Schools," page — .) 

1. Littering of streets in the neighborhood with paper 
and other refuse. (See City Ordinances.) 

2. Condition of vacant lots. 

3. Sidewalks cleared of snow, signs, and other ob- 
structions. 

The teacher and principal may substitute other topics. 

Education 

(Leaflet on School System of Newark.) 

Fundamental idea of our government. The family and 
education. The local, State, and Federal Governments in 
their relation to education. Cost of education. How the 
school prepares for citizenship. Libraries. Elementary, 
secondary, and collegiate education. Industrial and vo- 
cational training. (See leaflet.) 

The Newark Board of Education. 

Qualifications, licensing, and appointment of teachers 
in Newark. 

The duties of the Superintendent of Schools. 

Compulsory education in Newark. 

The sources of the school moneys of Newark. Cost of 
the schools of Newark. 



Public School System. 83 



The provisions of the Constitution of ISew Jersey with 
regard to education. 
Duties of children and citizens with respect to schools. 

For Reading and Reference 

See under Grade 6B. 

Note: — From the topics assigned to this grade, the 
teacher will select those which she can teach most ef- 
fectively in the allotted time. 

THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM OF NEWARK 
I, Composition of the Board 

The Board of Education is composed of nine members, 
appointed by the Mayor for a term of three years. They 
serve without pay. Members must have had three years' 
citizenship and residence in the city, and must not be 
interested in any contract with or claim against the 
Board of Education. 

The Board has three standing committees — one on 
Finance and Legislation, one on Buildings, Grounds and 
Supplies, and one on Instruction and Educational Sup- 
plies. 

2. Officers, Supervisors and Administrative 
Departments 

The Secretary is the accountant of the Board, and 
keeps all records of its official transactions. 

The Superintendent has general supervision of all the 
schools, has a seat in the Board, the right to speak but 
not to vote. He recommends the appointment, promo- 
tion, and transfer of teachers. He is assisted in the work 
of supervision by two Assistant Superintendents, and 
supervisors of special subjects, as music, drawing, man- 
ual training, physical training, sewing, cooking and writ- 
ing. Supervisors are employed, also, for kindergartens, 
summer schools, evening schools, playgrounds, and public 
lectures. 

Applicants for positions as teachers are examined and 



84 Newark in the Public Schools. 



licensed by a City Board of Examiners, consisting of five 
members. This Board also examines and recommends to 
the Board of Education text-books, apparatus, and sup- 
plies for use in the schools. 

The Board of Education has established administra- 
tive departments with a supervisory officer in charge of 
each. These departments are: Supplies, Repairs, Medical 
Inspection, Compulsory Attendance, and Construction. 

3. School Age and Attendance 

The age for compulsory attendance at day school is 
from seven to seventeen years. Children over fifteen, who 
have completed the grammar school course, need not at- 
tend longer if regularly employed. Children over four- 
teen years of age, who have not completed the grammar 
school course, must regularly attend day school until 
such course is completed, unless excused by the Board of 
Education. 

4, Financial 

The State school law provides for the maintenance and 
support of a thorough and efficient system of free public 
schools for the instruction of all children between the 
ages of five and twenty years. 

The revenues for the support of the schools are derived 
from — 

(1) The Railroad Tax. The amount received for the 

current year is |41 5,790. 

(2) The State School Fund. The amount received for 

the current year is |29,290. 

(3) The State Appropriation. The amount received for 

the current year is |17,132. 

(4) The State School Tax. The amount received for the 

current year is |848,428. 
In addition to these revenues, Newark places a sum in 
the tax levy each year for the support of schools. The 
amount of this tax is determined by the Board of Esti- 
mate, consisting of the Mayor, two aldermen, and two 
members of the Board. The cost of the Newark schools 
for 1910-11 is estimated at 12,235,598. 



Course of Study, Grade SI>. 85 

5. The Schools 

In addition to the kindergarten, primary, and grammar 
schools, the school system includes three high schools 
(the site for the fourth has been selected), a training 
school for teachers, two ungraded schools, classes for 
defectives, including deaf, dumb, and blind, an open-air 
school, an industrial grammar school, and a physical 
training field. 

The Free Public library, because of its active co-opera- 
tion in the work of the schools, is a valuable unofficial 
part of the system. 

Tliere are sixty-two school buildings; eighteen, includ- 
ing some in course of erection, are equipped with gym- 
nasiums ; about the same number have assembly-rooms. 
All grammar schools have manual training and domestic 
science equipment either in the same building or accessi- 
ble in a neighboring school. Tliree schools have roof 
gardens. The estimated value of school property, includ- 
ing sites, buildings, and furniture, is |G,790,400. 

1910 Enrollment Teachers 

Day Schools 57,712 1,327 

Evening Schools 13,670 320 

Summer Schools 13,623 425 

Playgrounds (Av. Daily Att.) 8,306 134 

Total 93,311 2,206 

COURSE OF STUDY 
Grade 8B 
Subjects suggested for investigation by the grade and 
for such remedial action as conditions may require. (See 
''Juvenile Leagues in (lie Srhools," ]>age — .) 

1. Flat wheels on trolley cars or other bad trolley 

conditions. 

2. Unnecessary noises in the streets — especially about 

the school during school hours. 

3. Pure food and esj)ecially milk, and their proper 

protection from disease germs when on sale. 
The teacher and ])rincipal may substitute others. 



86 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Transportation and Communication 

How the community aids the citizen in transportation 
and communication. 

Elvers, harbors, canals, and railroads all aided by 
State and National Governments. The Morris Canal, the 
Panama Canal, the first Pacific Railroad, the Erie Canal, 
and the Cumberland Road. 

Government control of railroads. The Interstate Com- 
merce Commission. 

Electric lines and the tunnels under North River; their 
effect on the distribution of population. Syllabus. (See 
Interurban Committee's Report.) 

Road building in New Jersey. Street paving in New- 
ark. 

Franchises. Limited. Chartering, regulation, and 
taxation of corporations. 

Communication of ideas — telegraph, telephone, post- 
office, library. 

Note: — From the topics assigned to this grade, the 
teacher will select those which she can teach most effec- 
tively in the allotted time. 

Syllabus 
Transportation 

The great city problem is how to dispose of the increase 
of population Avithout overcrowding in big tenements 
that are dangerous to the health and life of the city. With 
adequate transportation facilities, the horrors of the East 
Side in New York, with its ''Poverty Gap," "Five Points," 
"Mulberry Bend," "Bone Allfey," and "Hell's Kitchen" 
would never have existed. Distribution of the population 
over a wide area is the best solution and cheap transpor- 
tation between home and work is the first need. Of all 
questions in municipal development, passenger transpor- 
tation is the most vital. Fortunately for Newark, the 
transportation system provided by one large corporation 
has extended through all the municipalities of Greater 
Newark. Newark is the centre of a transportation sys- 








FIREMEN'S INSURANCE CO., NORTH-EAST CORNER OF BROAD 
AND MARKET STREETS. COMPLETED 191ii 



The Street and the Life of the City. 89 

tern extending at least twenty miles north, east, south, 
and west, and making transit between all these cities and 
towns easy. The tunnels under the East and Hud- 
son Kivers have brought Manhattan and New Jersey 
close together. 

Northern New Jersey with its trans-continental rail- 
roads, its great advantages for industry and residence 
can easily outbid three of the four boroughs surrounding 
Manhattan, in the competition for population and wealth. 
Its cheap and salubrious highlands, and its cheap and 
advantageously placed industrial low lands, will soon be 
as accessible to Manhattan as at present are the lands 
of the Bronx. (See report of the Inter-urban Committee, 
Board of Trade.) 

THE STREET AND THE LIFE OF THE CITY 

(Leaflet prepared by Mr. Frank G. Gilman, Head of the Department 
of Civics and History, Barringer High School.) 

Economic Importance 

The street is of the greatest importance in the economic 
life of the city. It is an "open road," open to all people 
alike for their use in transportation and traffic. The 
manufacturer uses the streets in securing much of his raw 
material, and in conveying his finished product to the 
warehouse, to the railroad, or to the store from which it 
is distributed ; the farmer uses them in bringing his veg- 
etables and fruits to market; the laborer uses them in 
going to and from his employment; all the people use 
them in supplying their daily wants from the many 
stores and shops in our city. Because of this free use of 
the streets, a great benefit is enjoyed by all and our in- 
dustrial life is made possible. 

Social Importance 

The street is of great importance in the social life of the 
city. An exchange of ideas is as necessary in a commu- 
nity as is the exchange of goods. If it were not for the 
use of the streets, we could not co-operate in our many 
social enterprises. Our streets make it possible for us to 



90 Newark in the Public Schools. 

attend church and school, to go to lectures, theatres, con- 
certs, to make use of the library, playgrounds, and parks, 
all of which are important elements in our social life. By 
means of wide, clean, and well-paved streets, social con- 
ditions are improved, better health of the people secured, 
and purer morals developed. Eapid transit in the streets 
enables the people to live in the suburbs away from the 
noise and confusion of factory and shop and therefore in 
an environment that makes possible a more wholesome 
life. We cannot make too emphatic the function of the 
street in uplifting the social life of the city. 

The Street and Civic Beauty 

The street is of great importance in the aesthetic life 
of the city. Besides contributing to our economic and 
social wants, the street should be so built and maintained 
as to appeal to our sense of the beautiful. Economic and 
social needs may be more imperative in their appeal for 
recognition, but the time comes in the life of every city 
when the streets must be made to satisfy the citizen's 
desire for beautiful surroundings. Ugly poles and wires, 
unclean and out-worn pavements and sidewalks, con- 
spicuous bill-boards offend against our aesthetic nature. 
On the other hand, shade trees, well-kept pavements, ap- 
propriate statues and monuments, grouping of public 
buildings add much to the beauty and attractiveness of 
the streets. The improvement of the appearance of our 
streets will have an important effect upon the taste for 
beauty and refinement among all of our people, and will 
therefore produce a better citizenship. 

What the Street Contains 

To satisfy the various needs of the people in cities, in- 
creasing rapidly in population, it has been necessary to 
use the streets for many purposes with which our fore- 
fathers in America were unfamiliar. In the streets we 
have paved roadways, car tracks, elevated railways, and 
subways, for the better handling of the traffic and for the 
transportation of the people; we have gutters and sewers 



The Street and the Life of the City. 91 

for carrying away the city's wastes; we have gas pipes, 
electric light poles and wires for lighting the city; we 
have telegraph and telephone equipment for the conve- 
nience of the people in their business and social relations ; 
we have water pipes and hydrants for public and private 
uses. 

Some Comparisons with the Past 

The early settlers of Newark laid out very few streets 
because their needs were very few and simple. What we 
now call Broad and Market streets were the principal 
ones with the center of the town at their intersection. To 
the west was Washington street at the foot of a series of 
hills and at the top of them ran High street ; to the east 
was a street which we now call Mulberry. Market street 
was originally an Indian foot path running beside a little 
stream which the settlers used for watering their horses 
and cattle. Up to 1850 the streets of Newark were not 
graded or paved; now there are 290 miles of improved 
streets and 208 1-2 miles are paved ! There were no street 
lights in Newark until after it became a city in 1836; 
before that time the people who went abroad after dark 
carried lanterns. The first gas mains were laid in the 
city in 1847. Now there are 2,609 arc electric lamps and 
1,993 gas lamps. In this way we can see what the city now 
does for the benefit of all, many services which our fore- 
fathers did for themselves or went without. 

Ownership and Control of the Streets and Laying 
Out New Streets 

The streets belong to all of the people, and are under 
the direct control of their representatives, the Board of 
Works. Under a grant from the proprietors of New Jer- 
sey in 1696, the people received a title to all of the streets 
that were then laid out. The streets opened since that 
time the city owns, titles to which have been received in 
several different ways. When new streets are needed, the 
city buys the property that is required at a price agreed 
upon by the city and the owner. But if the owner does 
not care to sell the property or asks too much for it, the 



92 Newark in the Public Schools. 

city can secure it by coudeiiination proceedings. In this 
case, impartial commissioners are appointed who set a 
price for the property which the owner must accept. 
Sometimes the city secures streets by dedication, which 
means that the streets are granted to the city by some 
person or by some real estate company that is developing 
a new section of the city. Another way the city may ac- 
quire property for streets is by adverse possession. By 
this is meant that when an owner has permitted the pub- 
lic to use his property as a street for a certain term of 
years, he forfeits his rights to it and title to it passes over 
to the city. 

Franchises 

The streets cannot be used by any private person op 
corporation for such purposes as the laying of water and 
gas pipes, the stretching of telephone, telegraph and 
electric light wires, and the construction of street rail- 
ways without getting a franchise from the Board of 
Works. In this franchise are stated the services to be 
rendered the people, the privileges to be exercised by those 
securing the franchise, and the terms under which it is 
granted. The right to grant franchises is one of the most 
important powers of the Board of Works. Upon the care, 
the honesty, and the foresight with which this power is 
exercised, depends very largely the welfare of the people. 

Street Improvements and Problems 

The congested condition of the traffic and transporta- 
tion in Market and Broad streets has created serious 
problems. The street cars are over-crowded on many 
lines, and present facilities are inadequate for handling 
the traffic. The city needs new arteries of travel — the 
bed of the Morris Canal, for instance, new lines of street 
cars and })erhaps subways, some sort of rapid transit into 
the suburbs, freight deliveries by the street car compa- 
nies, greater police powers in regulating the moving of 
cars. How may these needs be satisfied? 

Another serious problem is in the building and main- 
taining of the pavements. We have many different kinds 



The Street and the Life of the City. 93 

of pavement: granite block, asphalt, brick, wood block, 
Telford, bitulirliic. and lielj^ian block; but there seems 
to be no unanimity of opinion as to which is best for our 
business streets. Some of them have been allowed to get 
into a wretched condition, because of a difference of opin- 
ion between the property owners and the Board of Works 
in regard to what pavement should be used. Some of the 
important elements of an ideal pavement are durability, 
ease of traction, good foothold, ease of cleaning, low cost 
of maintenance, noiselessness, and freedom from dust and 
mud. The problem of paving city streets is one that re- 
quires the services of the very best engineers. 

The Duties of the Citizen with Respect to the Street 

The citizen owes much to the city that does so much 
for his comfort and happiness. He can help to keep the 
streets clean by placing ashes and garbage in covered 
receptacles, by not throwing into the street anything that 
will disfigure it, hj picking up papers that have been 
thrown there by some careless person, by keeping side- 
walk and street clean in front of his house, by protecting 
and caring for the trees in the street, and by voting for 
men who will safeguard the interests of the people, who 
will be governed by a desire to serve the people, rather 
than his party or himself. It is ever}' citizen's duty to 
be watchful of our public servants, to call them to ac- 
count when they neglect their duties ; his oAvn interests 
demand it. It is his duty to do more than criticise; it is 
his duty when necessary to give his time and his services 
for the public good. If he does this, he will be a patriotic 
citizen and will contribute to his city's betterment. 

Some Questions 

What kinds of pavements have jon noticed in your 
city? What kinds are used in the residential sections? 
What kinds in the business sections? Why are these dif- 
ferent kinds used? By what other names has Broad 
street been called? What are some of the oldest streets 
in Newark? To what uses are the streets in vour own 



94 Newark in the Public Schools. 



neighborhood put? How are new pavements paid for? 
Does the Public Service Corporation pay the city for 
using the streets? What suggestions have been made to 
relieve the congestion of traffic at the corner of Market 
and Broad streets? Do you know of any street improve- 
ment being made in Newark at the present time? If you 
do, find out all you can in regard to how it is being done 
and why ? Do you know of any improvements that should 
be made and are not being undertaken? Explain. Could 
you recommend any improvements to the streets in your 
own neighborhood? Is there anything that you can do 
to improve the appearance of the streets in the vicinity 
of your home or your school? What are the specific pow- 
ers of the Board of Works? How many of the public 
utilities which you find in the streets are owned and 
operated by private corporations? What ones are owned 
and operated by the city? Are there any that are owned 
by the city, but are operated by private corporations? 
Question for debate or discussion: Which is the more 
important body in our city government, the Board of 
Works or the Common Council ? 

Some References 

Wilcox. The American City. Chapters II, III, VII. 
Dunn. The Community and the Citizen. Chaps. II, 
XIV, XVI, XIX, XX. 

Reports of the Board of Works. 

MILK SUPPLY AND SLAUGHTER OF 
THE INNOCENTS. 

(See "A Report on the Milk Supply of Newark," sub- 
mitted to Public Welfare Committee of Essex County. 
Printed in The Evening News, June 12, 1911.) 

In 1910, 120 babies in Newark, out of every thousand 
died before their first birthday, whereas the death rate 
of the city was under seventeen per thousand. This state 
of affairs is not confined to Newark. Its death rate is 
lower than that of the average city of like size. It is not 
confined to the United States. It is a condition that is 




'^''''nJ'n^^^''^^''' '-'^^ INSURANCE CO 
BROAD AND CLINTON STREETS 



Milk Supply. 97 



universal. The principal cause of this appalling mor- 
tality among infants is diet. This leads straight to a 
study of milk — the only universal food for babies. If the 
baby must be fed on cow's milk, it is little short of mur- 
derous to offer this food, save in the most perfect form 
attainable. The whole pure milk propaganda is therefore 
nothing less than a movement for the conservation of the 
greatest of our national resources — the babies. 

Milk is the only article of food in which all bacteria 
flourish luxuriantly. Among these bacteria may be the 
typhoid bacillus. No less than 179 typhoid epidemics in 
this country and Great Britain have been traced directly 
to milk. Twenty-five epidemics of scarlet fever in the 
United States, and twenty-six in Great Britain came from 
the same source. Diphtheria in milk is responsible for 
fifteen epidemics in the United States, and most terrible 
of all scourges — tuberculosis — may be caused by milk 
from tuberculous cows. The milk of a perfectly healthy 
cow is sterile at the moment of milking. Bacteria are 
from without, and mean contamination of dirt and dis- 
ease. These bacteria multiply rapidly in warm temper- 
ature. A high bacterial count therefore is a pretty sure 
indication of danger. Cleanliness in handling, and low 
temperature are the two essential conditions for milk 
designed for food. Dirt, heat, age, multiply bacteria in 
milk. They are the three sources of danger, therefore, 
to be removed in the interest of human life. 

Dr. Henry L. Coit, of this city, was instrumental in 
forming the first medical milk commission in the country. 
The commission established correct clinical milk stand- 
ards, and agreed to give its support to a responsible dairy- 
man, who would agree to live up to these standards. The 
result was "certified milk.'' This movement which was 
really the beginning of the j)ure milk crusade, has spread 
through seventy-two cities of the United States, as well as 
into Canada and European countries. In 1907, two hun- 
dred babies in ever}^ thousand in Newark died before 
they were three years 6ld. In that year five hundred 
babies received clean milk from the dispensary. Of these, 



98 Newark in the Public Scliools. 

but twenty-three died. That is, forty-six in a thousand, 
or a mortality, one-fourth of that of the whole city for 
babies of that age. Similar results have been achieved 
in all the large cities of the country. The terrible destruc- 
tion of babies is thus demonstrated beyond all doubt, to 
be due to impure milk. 

The men of science have not agreed upon a bacterial 
standard for milk. New York has found it difficult to 
confine the milk there to one million bacteria per cubic 
centimeter. (A cu. centimeter is about half a tablespoon- 
ful.) Boston has a standard of 500,000. Sacramento's 
standard is 100,000; Omaha's, 150,000. 

Dr. Kosenau says, "As a general rule, certified milk 
should never exceed ten thousand bacteria; inspected 
milk, not over 100,000, and the health officers should aim 
to keep the milk supply below the one hundred thousand 
mark." 

The first factor in the pure milk problem is cleanliness. 
Bacteria are dirt. To keep them entirely from milk is 
well-nigh impossible. A model dairy near Newburgh, N. 
Y., conducted under supervision of a medical commission, 
showed during the year of 1908, an average weekly count 
of 126 bacteria per c. c, and a third of the specimens were 
sterile. Every time milk is exposed ever so briefly, to the 
outer air, or passed from one receptacle to another, it 
acquires germs. The milk in the can upon the store floor, 
therefore, has run a gauntlet of bacteria from the moment 
it was milked. Heat will multiply a single germ in milk 
to two hundred in three hours ; ten thousand in six hours ; 
ten million in nine hours ; and to two thousand million in 
eighteen hours. Age and temperature are therefore car- 
dinal elements in the pure milk problem. If it is not 
criminal to have milk (Standing in half open cans upon the 
streets, or to sell it in a shoj) foul with the odors of putre- 
faction, it should be made so, and the sooner, the better. 

The law forbids persons afflicted with any contagious 
disease or those attending such a one, from handling 
milk. The room in which milk is sold should not be a 
part of the family establishment, or connected therewith. 



Milk Supply. 99 



The open door between the living room and the milk shop 
may, at any hour, be an avenue of deadly contagion to 
the milk. 

The New York code defines adulterated milk, as 

1. Milk containing more than 88% of water or fluids. 

2. Milk containing less than 11 J/2% of milk solids. 

(New Jersey has just enacted this standard into 
law.) 

3. Milk containing less than 3% of fats. 

4. Milk drawn from animals fifteen days before or five 

days after parturition. 

5. Milk drawn from animals fed on distillery waste, 

or any substance in a state of fermentation or 
putrefaction, or any unwholesome food. 

6. Milk drawn from cows kept in a crowded or un- 

healthy condition. 

7. Milk from which any part of the cream has been 

removed. 

8. Milk which has been diluted with water or any 

other fluid, or into which has been introduced 
any foreign substance whatever. 

9. Milk with temperature above 50 degrees, or which 

contains an excessive number of bacteria. 
The need of the hour is a specific, definite milk code, 
that the most ignorant dealer cannot misunderstand. The 
Board of Health is taking measures to establish a bacte- 
rial standard for our milk supply. It should go further 
than this. 

Bottled Milk 

Samples of bottled milk were collected in Newark and 
analyzed. In only five cases was the bacterial count 
above 500,000. The average for the twenty-two samples 
of bottled milk was 295,000. This is far below the stand- 
ard for certified milk. As stated above, scientific men 
believe certified milk should not exceed ten thousand per 
c. c, and inspected milk not over one hundred thousand. 
Three of the above samples were below that mark. None 
of them reaches a million, which is pretty generally re- 
garded as the real danger line. On the other hand, there 



100 Newark in the Public Schools. 

was not a bottle of milk sampled whose bacterial count 
showed it to be really fit food for a nursing infant. 

COURSE OF STUDY 

Grade 8A 

Subjects suggested for investigation by the grade and 
for such remedial action as conditions may require. (See 
"Juvenile Leagues in the Schools," page — .) 

1. The school building, playgrounds, fences and ad- 

jacent streets and pavements. 

2. The illegal sale of cigarettes, liquors, or any other 

article. 

3. Short weights and measures in stores. 

The teacher and principal may substitute others. 

Distribution of Powers Between the State and 
Federal Governments 

Powers granted exclusively to the Federal Government 
Powers exercised concurrently. 
Powers denied to the Federal Government. 
Powers denied to the States. 

All powers not delegated to the Federal Government 
nor prohibited to the States are reserved to the States. 

Tripartite Division of the Federal and State 
Governments 

Legislative — Senate and House of Eepresentatives. 
Makes the laws. 

Executive — Federal — The President. His cabinet con- 
sists of secretary of state, treasury, etc. Enforces the 
law. State Executive — The Governor. 

Judicial — Supreme Court and inferior courts. Inter- 
prets the law and nullifies unconstitutional law. 

For Investigation 

The Suffrage — who can vote and why. Nominations. 
Primaries. Nominating conventions. Civil service re- 



Course of Study, Grade 8A. 101 

form and the spoils system. The Australian ballot. Nat- 
uralization. (Under recent Federal law an applicant for 
naturalization must sign his name and speak English.) 

For Reading and Reference 

See under 6B. Phillips' "The State and the Nation," 
Newark Charter Studies, by John L. Eankin, Reinsch's 
"Political Reader'' and Dole's "Young Citizen." 

How the Expenses of Government are Met 

Taxation. Direct — property. (Real estate and per- 
sonal.) Indirect — tariff and excise. 

Borrowing money. Bonds. 

Tax budget and rate of taxation in Newark. The Com- 
mon Council and the Tax Commissioners. 

Sources of the revenue of Newark. 

Kinds of business that pay a license fee in Newark. 

Sources of the revenues of New Jersey. 

Sources of the revenues of the Federal Government. 

Sources of Newark's public school moneys. 

A local tax bill. 

The stamps on beer barrels and cigar boxes. 

The Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania. 

The Custom House. Smuggling. 

The Custom House inspectors and landing of passengers 
from a trans-Atlantic liner. 

Duties 

Summary of the elements of good citizenship as pre- 
sented in this course. Emphasis on the ethical founda- 
tion and character of good citizenship. 

Note: — From the topics assigned to this grade, the 
teacher will select those which she can teach most ef- 
fectively in the allotted time. 

WHAT TAXES DO 

From the Annual Message of Edward Kenny, Mayor 
of East Newark, 1007. 
Reprinted, 1908, for the 
Free Public Library, Newark, N. J. 



102 Newark in the Public Schools. 



I have heard of people who growl about their taxes. 
I wonder if these people have ever thought of what they 
get for the taxes they pay. Let us see Avhat they pay and 
what they get for it. The average house-owner pays in 
taxes about |75 a year. What does he get in return? 

He gets the guardianship of the police for himself 
and his family and his property while he is asleep and 
while he is awake. 

He has the fire department at hand at all times in 
case of need. 

He has a health department to keep him and the 
members of his family from the possibility of contagious 
and infectious diseases. 

He has a public school in which to educate his children 
and prepare them for the duties of American manhood, 
at the cost of over |40 a year for each child. 

He has the educational facilities of a public library 
to fructify the minds of an older growth. 

He has the streets, always guarded, and by night well 
lighted. 

He has public officials working to protect him and his 
property. 

He has a scavenger to call regularly to carry ofif the 
refuse of his house. 

He has the courts and county institutions to look after 
his welfare and the welfare of his family and to protect 
his property. 

And he has the State Government to maintain the wel- 
fare of the State, and the welfare of every citizen of the 
State. 

These are some of the things, and not all, that the prop- 
erty owner receives in return for the taxes he pays ; and 
yet some let out a tigerish growl when the tax bill comes 
in! 



NEWARK CITY GOVERNMENT 

(See '^Newark Charter Studies" by John L. Rankin) 

Historical 

Town Meeting 

The city grew out of the township, and it is necessary 
to understand, first of all, what the township was like. 
There was a general meeting of the voters, called the 
"town meeting," an executive committee of five, called 
the ''town committee," and various officials such as a 
clerk, treasurer, moderator, assessors, and collectors, 
overseers of the poor and the highways, pound-keeper, 
judge of elections, constables, and others — a form of gov- 
ernment essentially the same as that prevailing in New 
England, from which it was derived. 

The town committee and the chief officers were elected 
by the town meeting, which also made the toAvn laws and 
voted the taxes. Among the powers and rights granted 
to the town, such things as water supply, sewers, police 
and fire departments, lighting the streets and cleaning 
them, were not included. Members of the town committee 
served for one year. Such was the township of Newark 
in 1S32. 

Incorporation of the City 

The incorporation of the city occurred in 1836. The 
interval was a period of transition. It witnessed an ex- 
periment in government by a federation of four wards, 
each organized as a separate township and empowered 
to make by-laws and levy taxes. This experiment is one 
of the most singular incidents in the history of Newark. 
The principal defect of the township government was the 
limitation of the power to tax, to make ordinances, and 
to borrow. Newark was still a township when Perth 
Amboy, Burlington, New Brunswick, Elizabeth, and Tren- 
ton were cities. 

At the annual town meeting in 1832, it was found that 
the town had become so populous that it was impossible 
to procure a room large enough for the accommodation 



106 Newark in the Public Schools. 

of the inhabitants when in town meeting assembled. It 
was resolved to hold the next annual meeting out of doors 
at the lower point of the Military Common. The popula- 
tion of Newark at this time was estimated to be about 
fifteen thousand. When Boston gave up the town meet- 
ing in 1822, the population was about forty thousand. 
East Orange had a government by town meeting up to 
within fifteen years. To remove the difficulty of holding 
a town meeting, the city was divided into four wards: 
North Ward, South Ward, West Ward, and East Ward. 
Each ward Avas organized as a separate township, and 
had a meeting which was organized and conducted as 
town meetings had been, and exercised the same powers. 
The ward meetings could each make all the ordinances 
that any town meeting could. Thus, it was possible to 
have conflicting ordinances in different parts of the town, 
but, in fact, the only result of this independence was a 
failure to co-operate. 

The North Ward took action concerning the nuisance 
of throwing rubbish in the Upper Common and streets, 
and concerning obstructions in the Passaic River, while 
the South Ward was interested in the proposed location 
of the New Jersey railroad through Broad Street. 

In the first place the several wards, besides voting 
money for general town expenses, voted money to be col- 
lected and expended within the limits of the ward and 
under the direction of the ward meeting. In the second 
place, the four wards could not be made to agree about 
town appropriations. 

The purposes for which taxes could be levied were 
defined by act of the legislature, and some additions 
were made to the old list. Among such new objects were 
support of the town watch (police), purchase of burying 
grounds, lighting streets, providing places for holding 
ward meetings, a town hall, and the prevention and ex- 
tinguishing of fires. No money could be collected by tax- 
ation in Newark for any town purpose unless three of 
the wards at their annual meetings approved. The town 
committee raised the sum of |350 for the support of the 



Newark Ooveiument History. 107 

fire department in 1834, for the night watch $1,166. At 
the ward meetings in 1S35 the system broke down so far 
as the care of the streets was concerned. Two wards 
voted nothing for the purpose, a third voted $100, and the 
fourth voted §10,000, so there was no money provided for 
the streets. 

In 183.5, it was generally admitted that the experiment 
of government by four ward meetings and a town com- 
mittee had failed. Three of the wards instructed the 
town committee to apply to the legislature for an act of 
incorporation. Accordingly a bill was introduced in the 
legislature where it met some opposition on the ground 
that unlike other charters in iS'ew Jersey it did not give 
the appointment of officers to the legislature in joint 
meeting. This objection did not prevail, and the bill was 
passed, but it was required to be submitted to the voters 
of Newark at a special election where they might vote 
"Corporation" or "No Corporation." In order to secure 
the adoption of the charter, it was necessary for three- 
fifths of those who voted to vote "Corporation." 

The first city charter continued the government by 
wards, but in place of two committeemen each ward 
elected four members of the Common Council, which 
made ordinances and levied taxes and exercised all the 
other powers of the town meeting or the ward meetings 
except the election of the principal officers. The list of 
objects for which taxes might be levied was increased. 
The Common Council granted licenses to sell liquor, had 
control of the police and fire departments, and of all mat- 
ters affecting the public health, also of the schools, the 
streets, the poor, the finances, and the markets. A curi- 
ous feature was the appointment of special police jus- 
tices in joint meeting with the general assembly. The 
mayor and recorder Avere members of the Common Coun- 
cil. The mayor had no veto, and could make no appoint- 
ments except committees, but he fixed tlu^ time and place 
of the council meetings and presided over them. The 
recorder was the mayor's substitute. The mayor and 
recorder both voted like other members of the council, 



108 Newark in the Public Schools. 

and in case of a tie the mayor had a deciding vote in addi- 
tion to his first vote. 

Organization of the City Government 

On the 15th of April, 1836, the officers of the city of 
Newark assembled at the lodge room in the Academy and 
organized the government. Among the first matters 
brought before the Council were the petition of a man 
who wanted to be city treasurer, a complaint of an en- 
croachment on the sidewalk of Market Street (this has a 
decidedly modern sound), and applications for tavern li- 
censes. Besides the appointment of city physician, 
surveyor, and police commissioner, the Council had 
to select firemen, watchmen, lamp-lighters, and meas- 
urers of wood and grain. Other matters demanding 
attention were the establishment of markets, opening and 
grading of streets, location of slaughter houses, schools 
for poor children, fire engines and apparatus, water for 
extinguishing fires, applications to dig wells at Catherine 
and Market Streets, repair of public pumps, providing 
sinks for pumps standing in the highways, and confer- 
ences with the Morris Canal and Banking Company aboul 
making the bridges across the canal as wide as the street. 

The first ordinance passed related to nuisances. It 
forbade people to throw refuse into the streets and other 
public places. It made rules governing the position of 
the wagons used by wood venders which were suffered to 
stand in Broad Street between the point of the Common 
and the Episcopal Church. The market committee ad- 
vised that the city should provide for a central market 
over the Morris Canal east of Broad Street, and also for 
a market in the North Ward and one in the South Ward. 
The places proposed for the other markets were the cor- 
ner of Broad and Bridge Streets for the North Ward, and 
Hill Street for the South Ward. The Common Council 
granted licenses to nine inns and taverns at |50 each, 
and two others at $30 each. 

An ordinance concerning lamps and lamp-lighters pro- 
vided that the lamps of the city should be lighted between 



Commission Government. 109 

the third night after and the fifth night before each full 
moon, and on all other nights when the weather was 
thick or stormy. The fire engineer had sole and absolute 
control of fires. The fire wardens, of whom there were 
two from each ward, were required to assist in securing 
supplies of water for such of the engines as the chief 
engineer or his assistant might direct, to have goods in 
danger of fire carefully removed, to prevent persons from 
entering the burning houses, to keep the hose from being 
trod on, to inspect the houses in their wards twice a year, 
or oftener, in order to prevent fires by removing danger- 
ous conditions. 

The mayor and recorder ceased to be members of the 
Common Council in 1S37. They could no longer set the 
time and place of its meetings or preside over them. In 
1847, the office of recorder was abolished, and by-laws 
and ordinances were made subject to the mayor's veto 
and might be passed over it by a two-thirds vote of all the 
members of the Common Council. In 1847, the term of 
each alderman was changed from one year to two, and 
two instead of four were elected in each ward. 

One of the great problems of Newark in early years 
after becoming a city was, how to get water to ex 
tinguish fires. This was not thought of when the first 
charter was drafted, so it was necessary to go to the 
legislature and ask for authority to acquire land for a 
water supply and authority to make sewers. Taxes were 
not a lien upon land, and the city could not sell land for 
unpaid taxes until the legislature altered the charter. 

Government by Commission 

The Des Moines plan of government by commission, 
which at present is under discussion for Newark, seems 
comparatively simple and efficient. It places the power 
to tax, to appoint officers, to make ordinances and to 
administer the government in the hands of one board, 
composed of the responsible heads of tlie various depart- 
ments, the members being numerous enougli to provide 
one single head for the management of each brancli of 



110 Newark in the Public Schools. 

the city business and not too manj^ for convenient con- 
sultation about general questions of policy. This board, 
or commission, is responsible and subject to the will of 
the people who control it by means of the election, the 
petition, the initiative, and the recall. The absence ot 
ward representation is an important feature of the Des 
Moines plan. The mayor is shorn of much of his author- 
ity and becomes no more than chairman of the commis- 
sion, holding a position much like that of the mayor of 
Newark under the charter of 1836. 

Abstract of the Walsh Act. 

The commission form of government is provided for 
cities in New Jersey under Avhat is known as the Walsh 
Act, enacted by the Legislature of 1911. 

Adoption hy Referendum. 

When twenty per cent, of the voters at the last general 
election in any city sign a petition to the city clerk, ask- 
ing that the question of adopting the new form of gov- 
ernment be submitted to the people, he must call a spe- 
cial election. If thirty per cent, of the votes cast for 
members of the General Assembly at the last general 
election vote ''For the adoption" at this special election, 
then the commission government goes into operation in 
that cit}'. 

Application of the Act. 

In New Jersey, a city of less than ten thousand, under 
the Walsh Act, is governed by a board of three commis- 
sioners, and larger cities are governed by a board of five 
commissioners, elected for four years. 

Organizations and Poivers. 

The president of the commission is designated 
"Mayor," but has no veto. The commission exercises all 
administrative, legislative, and judicial powers and 
duties now possessed and exercised by the mayor, city 
council, and other executive and legislative bodies, and 
has complete control over the affairs of the city. All 
meetings shall be open to the public. 



(yoinmission Governiueiil. 113 

City Departments. 

W'XmvQ the coniinission consists of five members, the 
government of the city is distributed among five depart- 
ments, each with a commissioner at the head. First, the 
department of public affairs, usually assigned to the 
mayor. Second, the department of revenue and finance. 
Third, the department of public safety. Fourth, the de- 
partment of streets and public improvements. Fifth, the 
department of parks and public property. 

Salaries. 

In cities liaving more than two hundred thousand 
population, the mayor's salary shall be not more than 
fifty-five hundred dollars, and that of each commissioner, 
not more than five thousand dollars. In smaller cities, 
the salaries are less. 

Subordinate Officers. 

Appointment of subordinate officials must be made 
upon merit and fitness, without reference to political or 
party affiliations. 

Itemized Statements Published. 

An itemized statement of all receipts and expenses of 
the city, and a summary of the i)roceedings of the commis- 
sioners during the preceding month shall be printed 
monthly in pamphlet form and distributed by the city 
clerk to all who ai)ply for them. 

Schools Not Affected. 

The only department of the city government over 
which this commission exercises no control is public in- 
struction. 

Nomination. 

The commissioners are nominated at a primary with- 
out the intervention of any party convention. 

Recall. 

The recall is used to remove the holder of an elective 
office. A petition signed by twenty-five per cent, of the 



114 Newark in the Public Schools. 



voters at the last general election, demanding the elec- 
tion of a successor of the person sought to be removed, 
and containing a general statement of the grounds on 
which the removal is sought, must be filed with the city 
clerk who certifies to the same. If the officer sought 
to be removed, does not resign within five days after the 
date of the city clerk's certificate that the petition has 
been filed, a special election must be held not less than 
thirty days, nor more than forty days from the date of 
the clerk's certificate. If a majority of the votes cast 
are for a successor, he immediately takes office for the 
unexpired term of his predecessor. 

No recall petition shall be filed against any officer 
until he has actually held his office for at least twelve 
months, and but one recall petition shall be filed against 
the same officer during his term of office. 

(The Mayor of Seattle was removed by the recall, last 
year.) 

Initiative. 

The people have the power of the initiative which 
enables a number of voters equal in number to 15 per 
cent, of the votes cast at the last general election, to 
frame an ordinance and submit it to the commission. 
With this ordinance, the commission may do one of two 
things — first, pass the ordinance without alteration, or 
second, submit such ordinance to the people at a special 
election. In case a majority vote for it, it becomes a law 
the same as if the commission had passed it. 

The cities of Trenton, Passaic, and other smaller mu- 
nicipalities have adopted the commission form of gov- 
ernment. 

OUTLINE OF NEWARK— CITY GOVERNMENT 

Legislative Bodies 

Common Council 

Composed of thirty-two members; two elected from 
each ward for the term of two years. Acts passed by 
the Common Council are called ordinances, resolutions, 



Newark City Government. 115 

and motions. The right to pass these ordinances is strict- 
ly defined by the State Legislature in the city charter 
and general laws. The Council has power to levy and 
collect taxes ; to regulate and control finances of the city ; 
to prevent vice and immorality; to regulate the con- 
struction of buildings ; to secure the safety of the public ; 
to prescribe the duties of city officers appointed by the 
Common Council; to fix their compensation; to establish 
alms houses ; to appoint city clerk, treasurer, tax receiver, 
and many subordinate oHicers and clerks. These are 
among the most important duties and powers of the 
Council. It possesses a number of others of minor im- 
portance. 

Board of Street and Water Commissioners 

Five members elected by the people for a term of three 
years. This Board, commonly called the Board of Public 
Works, has legislative power. It can pass ordinances 
pertaining to opening, grading, and paving of streets; 
cleaning of sewers, public baths, wharves, docks, and 
bridges ; water supply and lighting public grounds ; scav- 
enger works, railroads. Everything pertaining to streets, 
sewers, and water supply is in the hands of the Board 
of Works. 

Board of Health 

Ten members, appointed by the Mayor for a term of 
three years. This Board has power to pass ordinances 
relating to the health of the city and its people. The 
whole question of civic hygiene, so vital to the welfare of 
the city, is in the hands of this Board. It co-operates 
with the State Tenement House Commission in all mat- 
ters affecting the construction and sanitation of tene- 
ment houses. 

Ordinances 

All ordinances passed by the Common Council and 
Board of Works must receive the signature of the Mayor 
in order to become a law. If he vetoes the ordinance, it 
can be passed over the veto bv a two-thirds vote. All 



116 Newark in the Public Schools. 

ordinances affecting personal liberty, or involving the 
expenditure of money, must be advertised at least five 
times in official daily papers before they become laws, 
and five times after they become laws before they become 
operative. 

Administrative Boards and Commissions 
Board of Education 

Nine members appointed by the Mayor for a term of 
three years. It has control of the city school system. 

Board of School Estimate 

Five members, consisting of the Mayor, two aldermen, 
and two members of the Board of Education. It de- 
termines the amount of money to be appropriated by the 
city for use of public schools. This board has nothing 
to do with county or state school tax. 

Police Commission 

Four members (two democrats and two republicans) ; 
appointed by the Mayor for a term of two years. 

Fire Commission 

Four members (two democrats and two republicans) ; 
appointed by the Mayor for a term of two years. 

Shade Tree Commission 

Three members appointed by the Mayor for a term of 
two years. It has authority to plant trees throughout 
the city, and see that they are kept free from injury, and 
also has charge of city parks. 

Playground Commission 

Three members appointed by the Mayor for a term of 
two years. It has charge of all playgrounds, other than 
those of the Board of Education, and those in the parks. 

Tax Commission 

Five members appointed by the Mayor, confirmed by 
the Common Council, for a term of five years. This 



Newark City Government. 117 

Board fixes the value of property in the city for purposes 
of taxation. 

City Home Trustees 

Consisting of the Mayor, two democrats and two re- 
publicans, elected by the people, and one democrat and 
one republican appointed by the Common Council. Has 
charge of the Newark City Home, an institution for in- 
corrigible boys, located at Verona. 

Department of Building 

Managed by a superintendent appointed by the Com- 
mon Council. All plans for new buildings or alterations 
on old buildings must be approved by this department. 
Co-operates with the State Tenement House Commission, 
for the purpose of regulating certain features of tenement 
house construction, such as plumbing, sanitation, etc. 

Excise Board 

Four members (two democrats and two republicans) ; 
appointed by the Mayor for a term of two years. Grants 
liquor licenses. 

Assessment Commission 

Three members appointed by the Mayor for a term of 
two years. Fixes all assessments, damages, and benefits 
caused by any local improvement, such as paving, sewers, 
and openings. 

Free Public Library Trustees 

Consisting of the Mayor, the Superintendent of Schools, 
ex-officio. and five others appointed by the Mayor for a 
term of five years. Has charge of tlie Free Public Library. 

Commissioners of the Sinking Fund 

Five members, consisting of the Mayor and Comptroller, 
ex-officio, and three others appointed by the Commission 
itself. This Board invests all moneys placed in its hands 
each year for the purpose of redeeming city bonds at 
maturity. 



118 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Bureau of Combustibles and Fire Risks 

A branch of the Fire Department, organized to pre- 
vent fires. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 

Mayor 

Elected by the people for a term of two years. Has 
power to appoint (a) with the consent of the Common 
Council, comptroller, auditor of accounts, police com- 
missioners, fire commissioners, Board of Health and tax 
commissioners; (b) without the consent of the Common 
Council, Board of Excise, police judges, city counsel, city 
attorney, Free Public Library Commission, Board of Edu- 
cation, Shade Tree Commission, assessment commission- 
ers, private secretary, and clerk. Under the "Ripper 
Act," all appointments by the Mayor, except comptroller, 
tax commissioners, and members of the Board of Edu- 
cation, are for two years, the period for which the Mayor 
is elected. 

The Mayor is ex-officio a member of the Sinking Fund 
Commission, Free Public Library trustees. City Home 
trustees, and finance committee of the Common Council. 

It is the Mayor's duty to see that all city officials per- 
form their duties. The first of each year he is required 
to communicate to the Common Council in writing his 
views as to the conditions of aff'airs in the city, and the 
measures which he deems necessary for improvement. He 
may also communicate with any other board or depart- 
ment, with recommendations as to such measures as he 
may think necessary. He has power to remove without 
cause the legal officials whom lie appoints — his secretary 
and the executive clerk. He may give permission for the 
examination of records in any department in the city. 
He is empowered to issue general licenses for certain 
purposes, and to revoke the same. He has the power of 
veto over all resolutions and ordinances of the Common 
Council and the Board of Street and Water Commis- 
sioners, which veto stands unless over-ridden by a two- 
thirds vote of these bodies. 



Part III 

Biographical Sketches of Men 

and Women of Newark and 

Course of Study in History 



MEN AND WOMEN OF NEWARK 

Biographical sketches taken from The Evening Star, 
and written by Michael J. Mullin, during the first months 
of 1910. 

Robert Treat 

Kobert Treat, the founder of Newark, was a native of 
England. He was town clerk of Milford, Conn., in 1640. 
He was a military and civic leader. His elders among 
the Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620 recog- 
nized his executive ability. When the colonists in the 
Connecticut settlements were directed to swear allegiance 
to King Charles of England they decided to settle else- 
where to get civil and religious liberty. In 1661 Robert 
Treat was head of a committee that went to New Amster- 
dam, now New York, to negotiate for a settlement under 
Dutch rule there. 

After Philip Carteret was made Governor of New York, 
in 1664, he landed at Elizabethtown, where there were 
four log houses. He offered very liberal terms to the peo- 
ple in the New England colonies to settle in New Jersey. 
Robert Treat was sent in 1665 by the Milford and Bran- 
ford people to look for land for a settlement. He chose 
the site of the present city of Newark. In May, 1666, the 
Milford people sailed with him up the Passaic River. 

While the sturdy settlers were chopping trees to make 
log cabins, Indians appeared and angrily said they had 
not been paid for the land. Treat led the settlers back to 
the ships. They sailed to Elizabethtown, where Governor 
Carteret said he could not aid them. Treat, his son John, 
Jasper Crane, and John Curtis were led by a guide 
through forests, bogs and swamps to Hackensack, where 
the Indian chief agreed to give the settlers all the land 
from the Passaic River to the Watchung, now the Orange 
Mountains, for four barrels of liquor, axes, swords, ket- 
tles, military coats, wampum, powder, etc., the whole 
worth about |750. 

Tradition says that an illuminated miniature of one 
of the English queens, sent by a daughter of Micah 



126 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Tompkins as a gift to the squaw of the Indian chief, was 
what influenced the chief to transfer the land. Miss 
Tompkins, therefore, has a place of honor in Newark's 
early history as well as Elizabeth Swaine, who was the 
first woman to land on the bank of the Passaic River. 

It is said Treat directed the building of the log cabins 
in Milford, as the settlement was called until after the 
Branford people arrived, and laid out Broad and Market 
streets. Though the Eev. Abraham Pierson, who came 
with the Branfordites, was the spiritual and civic head 
of the settlement. Treat was the active leader. Just 
before Minister Pierson died, in 1668, the settlement was 
named Newark in honor of the English town where the 
minister was born, and a meeting-house, which was also 
used for church purposes, was started on the west side 
of Broad Street opposite the present First Presbyterian 
Church. The building was also arranged for military 
defense, and Treat was made captain. 

He served the settlers in fixing the boundary line be- 
tween Newark and Elizabethtown at "Dividing Hill," 
near what is now Weequahic Park. 

Treat returned to Connecticut late in 1672, was deputy 
Governor and Governor of that colony for thirty-two 
years, and was major in command of the Colonists when 
they defeated the Indians at the battle of "Bloody Brook." 
He died July 12, 1710, at the age of 84 years. 

The Rev. Abraham Pierson, Jr. 

The Rev. Abraham Pierson, Jr., son of the Rev. Abra- 
ham Pierson who cAme to the little settlement on the 
bank of the Passaic River with the people from Branford 
in the fall of 1666, became the first president of Yale 
College. He was a fine scholar, an able theologian, and 
a man of good executive abilities. He was born at Lynn, 
Mass., in 1641, was graduated from Harvard College in 
1668, and was called the next year to Newark as assistant 
pastor. He served the church for twenty-three years, 
fourteen years as pastor. 

Later the town took out by authority of the provincial 



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Men and Women of Newark. — Crane. 129 

government a warrant for a survey of land for parsonage 
purposes, and also for landing places, a town house, 
a meeting house, a market place and a training ground. 
There were 212 acres taken, including three acres for a 
burial place, the old burying ground; three for a market 
place, now Washington Park, and six acres for a training 
place, now Military Park. 

Pastor Pierson resigned his pastorate of the First 
Presbyterian Church in 1G72. He did not like the Congre- 
gational plan on which the church was founded. He 
preferred the Presbyterian form, for he was a Calvinist, 
but a moderate one. He became pastor of a Presbyterian 
church at Killingworth, Conu., in 1G94, and when Yale 
College was founded in 1701 he was elected its first 
rector and president. The trustees of the college let him 
have the college at Killingworth, so he could attend to 
the college and also his church. He died in 1707 at the 
age of G7 years. 

In 1874, Charles Morgan, of Kew York, had the artist, 
Launt Thompson, design a bronze monument as a me- 
morial to President Pierson, and he presented it to the 
trustees. The monument stands in front of the art gal- 
lery of Yale College. Yale also preserves the antique 
chair President Pierson used. It was given to him by 
John Catlin, the first schoolmaster in Newark, and John 
Ward, administrators of Laurence Ward's estate. Trum- 
bull, historian, wrote that "President Pierson governed 
Yale College with great approbation." 

Jasper Crane 

Jasper Crane was the loader of the settlers from Bran- 
ford as Kobert Treat was of the first band of settlers, 
the Milford people, who founded the little settlement on 
the west bank of the Passaic River, now the city of New- 
ark, with nearly 400,000 inhabitants and several thousand 
factories. At the time Jasper Crane was a leader in 
the infant settlement there was only one church edifice 
and it was used as a town hall also. Now there are up- 
ward of 200 churches and clinpels in Newark. 



130 Newark in the Public Schools, 

Before settling in New Jersey, it is said, Mr. Crane, 
who was one of the original settlers of New Haven, Conn., 
where, as in Newark, "the church was the State and the 
State the church" for many years, Mr. Crane established 
several settlements, his object being to spread the Gospel, 
"not only to the colonies at present, but to posterity." 
He was a great factor in the church at Newark, served 
as magistrate and president of the town court, and also 
as deputy with Kobert Treat to the Provincial Assembly. 
During the six years of the existence of the Assembly he 
was first on the list of deputies. Samuel Swaine, father 
of the famous Elizabeth Swaine, was "third man" in in- 
fluence in the town after Captain Treat returned to 
Connecticut to live. 

Mr. Crane was head of the commissioners for Newark, 
assisted by Robert Treat, who fixed the boundary line in 
1668 between the town and Elizabethtown. He had a 
controlling influence in the town for fourteen years after 
its settlement. As he was not a strong man physically, 
Samuel Swaine often represented him in the aff'airs of 
the town. His "home lot" was at Market and High 
Streets, where St. Paul's Episcopal Church now is. The 
First Presbyterian Church occupied a part of the "town 
lot" of Robert Treat, who shared with Jasper Crane the 
control of the town in its infancy. Mr. Crane, Samuel 
Swaine, and Micah Tompkins were among the old settlers 
who died in 1691. 

The Rev. Aaron Burr 

The Rev. Aaron Burr, founder of the College of New 
Jersey, now Princeton University, was the seventh pastor 
of the First Presbyterian Church, and he also had a 
classical school in Newark. He was graduated from 
Harvard College in 1735 and was licensed a minister in 
1736. He was pastor of the old First Church for nineteen 
years. David Brainerd, an Indian missionary, who had 
been expelled from Yale College for a trifling indiscre- 
tion, was ordained in the First Church in 1744. The 



Men and Women of Newark.— Burr. J3i 



trustees of Yale censured the ministers of the New Jersey 
Synod who were at the ordination. The Eev. Mr. Burr 
then said : 'Xet us have a college of our own." 

A charter was obtained and the classical school of 
the Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, at Elizabethtown, was made 
a colleo-e. Several months afterward President Dickin- 
son died. 

The Rev. Mr. Burr, who was a charter trustee of the 
college, took the eight students to his classical school in 
Newarlv. A new charter was procured and on November 
9, 1747, the Rev. Aaron Burr was elected president at a 
meeting in the First Presbyterian Church. He conferred 
degrees upon seven students. In May, 1752, President 
Burr, who was a bachelor, visited the Rev. Jonathan Ed- 
wards, at Stockbridge, Mass., and two weeks later he 
sent a college boy to bring Mrs. Edwards and her dauo-h- 
ter to Newark. They arrived on a Saturdav. and ''on 
Monday the marriage of President Burr and Miss Ed- 
wards took place. He was 37 years old at the time. His 
bride was 21. 

President Burr was an eloquent and magnetic preacher. 
He was small in stature, slender in build, but had hand- 
some features and a fascinating manner. He was bril- 
liant and very interesting in conversation and in lectures 
to the college students. During the eight years of the 
college more than ninety students were graduated. In 
175G the college was removed to Princeton. President 
Burr resigned as pastor of the First Church and went 
with the college to Princeton, where he died early in 
1757. While in Newark he lived in the First Church 'par- 
sonage, which was on the west side of Broad Street 
thirty-four feet south of William Street. 

Colonel Aaron Burr 

The most brilliant, daring, fascinating and ambitious 
native of Newark was the famous Colonel Aaron Burr, 
son of the Rev. Aaron Burr, seventh pastor of the Old 



132 Newark in the Public Schools. 

First Presbyterian Church, founder and president of the 
College of New Jersey, now Princeton University, a pious 
and learned man. It was written of Aaron Burr, Jr., 
that he inherited the talents but none of the virtues of 
his illustrious father. He was graduated from Princeton 
with the highest honors, when he was sixteen years old, 
became a colonel in the Continental army, an assembly- 
man and attorney-general of ISiew York State, a United 
States senator, Vice-President of the United States, came 
within one or two votes of being elected President, killed 
Alexander Hamilton in a duel, schemed to found an em- 
pire in Mexico, was arrested and tried on a charge of 
treason to his country, was acquitted, went to Europe, 
fascinated the nobility of England, Germany and France, 
was very poor in Paris, returned to America, opened a 
law office in New York City, married the wealthy Madame 
Jumel, separated from her, died in a boarding house, and 
was buried in the cemetery at Princeton near the grave 
of his father. 

Colonel Burr was born on February 6, 1756, in the 
parsonage of the First Presbj'terian Church. When 
he was less than two years old the parents and grand- 
parents of Burr died and he and his sister, Sally, 
were sent to their uncle, Timothy Edwards, eldest son 
of President Jonathan Edwards, at Elizabethtown. He 
was so clever that when he Avas eleven years old he ap- 
plied for admission to Princeton College, but was not ac- 
cepted as a student because he was "so 3'oung and so 
small." Two years later he was admitted as a sopho- 
more and in 1772 graduated at the head of his class. 

Burr Avas nineteen years old Avhen the American Eevo- 
lution began. He joined the Continental army near Cam- 
bridge, Mass.; marched with Colonel Benedict Arnold 
and his troops through an unbroken wilderness in winter 
to Canada, and when near Quebec a call for a volunteer 
Avas made by Colonel Arnold to go to General Montgom- 
ery, the brave Irish soldier, who was at Montreal, 123 
miles away. Burr volunteered, and disguised as a Roman 
Catholic monk, aided by the monks, he got to Montreal. 



Men and Women of Newark. — Bui r. 133 

General Montgomery made him aide-de-camp. When the 
general was killed at the storming of Quebec, young Burr 
tried to carry the body away. He returned to New York, 
where his strategy saved General Putnam's army in Sep- 
tember, 1776. He was colonel under General Knox, com- 
manded a brigade at the battle of Monmouth, took parr 
in other engagements, resigned in 1779, studied law, 
was admitted to the New York bar when he was twenty- 
six years old, married a widow, had a mansion at Rich- 
mond Hill, where he had as guests Louis Phillipe, Talley- 
rand, foreign ministers. United States senators, judges 
and statesmen. 

In 1781 Burr was elected to the New York Assembly, 
became attorney-general, and in 1791 was elected United 
States senator, and declined an appointment on the Su- 
preme Court bench. He became Vice-President of the 
United States in 1801, and representatives voted for him 
after he killed Hamilton at Fort Lee in 1804. He went 
out West, met Blennerhasset, who had bought an island 
in tlie Ohio River. Burr planned to organize an army, 
capture Mexico and found a limited empire there. He 
was getting ready to make a raid on what is now the 
State of Texas when he was betrayed and accused of 
treason. 

Blennerhasset was arrested. Burr fled into the wilder- 
ness. President Jefferson gave orders to capture him 
"dead or alive." He was arrested in Alabama. After 
trial and acquittal he sailed for England, an exile, in 
1808, and was ordered out of that country after fascinat- 
ing the greatest men and women. At Paris he failed to 
get an audience with Napoleon I, became poor, but finally 
got into America. His daughter, Theodosia, was drowned 
at sea in 1812. Burr practiced law in New York City. 
He died in the fall of 183G at the age of 80 years 7 months 
and 8 days. His meteoric career ended in poverty. One 
morning a stone slab was found on his grave at Prince- 
ton. It had been put up at night. A woman Burr had 
befriended paid for the stone. Burr was very short and 
slenrler. but had a massive head. 



134 Newark in the Public Schools. 

"Fighting Parson" Caldwell 

The story of the fighting parson of the Jerseys, the 
Kev. James Caldwell, is a tale that will be forever dear 
to all true Jerseymen. Parson Caldwell was a Newark- 
bred man, and, although the fact is not generally known, 
it was on Newark soil that he forever clinched his fame 
as "The Fighting Parson." The famous incident of the 
battle of Springfield was in reality enacted on Newark 
ground, as Springfield had not at that time been sep- 
arated from Newark. 

Parson Caldwell, true preacher of the gospel, was also 
a true lover of his country, and exemplified this char- 
acteristic as well as the first in his active life. His an- 
cestry was of the famous Huguenot stock. When he was 
born in 1734 his parents had just arrived from County 
Antrim, Ireland, whither the Huguenots had previously 
fled from Scotland, their first refuge after the terrible 
''Edict of Nantes." Dominie Aaron Burr, pastor of the 
"Old First" Church, and head of Princeton College, then 
in Newark, educated young Caldwell for the ministry 
after his parents had moved to Newark. His name is on 
the rolls as a graduate of the class of 1759. Two years 
later he Avas ordained a minister of the gospel by the 
Presbytery of New Brunswick, and immediately there- 
after assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian 
Church at Elizabeth. 

It was Avhile he was supplying the pastorate of this 
church that the Revolution came upon the land. Parson 
Caldwell decided without hesitation what attitude he 
should assume, and when he declared that he was with 
the States there was hardly a man in his congregation 
not numbered among those who quickly followed his lead. 
When the army was in camp in Morris County, Chaplain 
Cnhlwell assumed, in addition to his duties as the spirit- 
ual advisor of the Jersey brigade, under Colonel Payton, 
the strenuous work of deputy quartermaster-general, with 
quarters at Chatham. He succeeded well, and after 
preaching to the troops, would go on a hunt for provender 
for the armv. 



Men and Women of Newark. — McWhorter. 137 

The battle of Springfield came on June 23, 1780, and 
one of the most memorable incidents in it was the part 
played by Pastor Caldwell. The Americans, fighting the 
Hessians, under great disadvantage, ran short of wadding. 
Caldwell, quick of thought, ran into the Springfield Pres- 
byterian Church, gathered the hymn books from the pews, 
and, as he distributed the books to the soldiers on 
the field, yelled lustily, 'Tut Watts into 'em, boys- 
give *em Watts!" So well did ''the boys" follow 
their chaplain's advice that soon the British, mainly Hes- 
sian mercenaries, who were under the command of 
Knyphausen, beat a hasty retreat out of Jersey. 

The great sorrow of Caldwell's life had occurred shortly 
before this incident, and had much to do with the throb- 
bing, livid hatred that burned throughout the countryside 
against the British, particularly Knyphausen's boorish 
troops. This detachment .earlier in the same year had 
made an expedition to Connecticut Farms, and while 
burning and pillaging, shot many of the residents. 
Among these was Mrs. Caldwell, who before her marriage 
was Hannah Ogden. Mrs. Caldwell was in a room in her 
home at Connecticut Farms and was shot as she held her 
babe in her arms. 

Parson Caldwell's death was due to the drunken bru- 
tality of a soldier— sad to say, an American— who, be- 
cause of a fancied wrong, shot the parson in cold blood. 
The body of "The Rebel High Priest" was buried in Eliz- 
abethtown, and his funeral oration was delivered by his 
friend, the Rev. Mr. MacWhorter, of Newark. 

The murderer was shortly afterwards hanged. 

The Rev. Alexander M'Whorter 

The patriot pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, 
the Rev. Alexander MacWhorter, was a son of Hugh 
MacWhorter, a linen draper in Armagh, Ireland, who 
purcliased a large farm near Newcastle, Del., in 1730, 
and built a fine mansion in which Alexander, the youngest 
of eleven children, was born on July 15, 1734. Young 
MacWhorter inherited the independent spirit and love 



138 Newark in the Public Schools. 

of freedom that inspired his ancestors, two of whom, his 
grandfather and grandmother on the maternal side, were 
hanged from a tree in front of their home during the 
civil wars of King Charles I of England, because of their 
opposition to his tyranny in their native land. 

Alexander MacWhorter was a student in the College 
of New Jersey, now Princeton University, in 175G, when 
it was located in Newark. In the fall of that year the" 
college was removed to Princeton, where MacWhorter 
was graduated in 1757, soon after President Aaron Burr's 
death. He finished his theological studies at Freehold, 
where he married, and in 1759 was ordained. It was in- 
tended that he should go to Virginia and North Carolina 
on mission work, but he preached once in Newark and 
the people got the Presbytery to permit him to accept a 
call to the First Presbyterian Church, and he was in- 
stalled pastor late in 1759. 

Pastor MacWhorter preached in the Second Church 
building erected on the west side of Broad Street, near 
the old meeting house built in 1668-69. He served the 
people well as minister and took an active interest in the 
civic affairs of the little town. The parsonage was on 
the west side of Broad street, a few doors South of Wil- 
liam Street, and many couples were married in it. Often 
a young man and woman rode from the country to the 
parsonage on one horse to get married. Not infrequently 
the bridegroom did not have the cash to pay the wedding 
fee, but Pastor MacWhorter accepted a bag of apples or 
potatoes or other farm products. 

When the first rumblings of the storm that broke at 
Lexington and precipitated the rising of the colonies 
against the rule of England were heard, Pastor Mac- 
Whorter stood with the sturdy patriots of the town whose 
ancestors had borne so much for religious and civil lib- 
erty. But tliere were tories in Newark who were stanch 
supporters of England's rule, and as they acted as spies 
the patriot pastor was cautious in his talk. But when 
the storm rose to a whirlwind in 1775, he displayed the 
courage of his convictions. When the Declaration of 



Men and Women of Newark. — Boyden. 139 

Independence was made in 1776 he became a leading spirit 
among the patriots. 

Several times during the Revolutionary War parties of 
British soldiers visited Newark at night in the hope of 
capturing the "Eebel Pastor," as they called the Rev. 
MacWhorter, but each time he escaped through timely 
warning from patriots and went with the Continental 
army. He entertained General Washington in the par- 
sonage when the general and his soldiers stopped a few 
days in the town. When the British ransacked the par- 
sonage and the church, Pastor MacWhorter fled to Wash- 
ington's army at Valley Forge. 

It is said the patriot pastor was at Washington's mil- 
itary council and advocated the campaign that resulted 
in the crossing of the Delaware River and the decisive 
victories at Monmouth and other places. It is a fact he 
served as chaplain of General Knox's brigade at one time. 
It is not recorded that he took as active a part as the Rev. 
James Caldwell, of Elizabeth, another son of an Irishman, 
who was called the ''Fighting Parson." When brave 
Caldwell was shot and killed at Elizabethtown in 1781, 
by an American soldier. Pastor MacWhorter preached the 
sermon at the funeral. 

In 1779 the patriot pastor did not get enough money 
from the Newark people to support his family. He ac- 
cepted a call to a church in North Carolina in October 
of that year, but in 1781 he returned to Newark as pastor 
of the First Church, and continued as pastor until 1807. 
He broke ground for the present First Church building 
in September, 1787, and the church was opened for wor- 
ship January 1, 1791. Pastor MacWhorter became pres- 
ident of the old Newark Academy in 1794. He died July 
20, 1807, after serving as pastor almost half a century. 
In the old church is a marble tablet in memory of him. 

Seth Boyden, The Inventor 

Quite a large number of men and women whose abilities 
and achievements gave Newark an enviable name in 
America were not natives of this city. Seth Boyden, the 



140 Newark in the Public Schools. 

inventor, was one of these, and he did more for the ma- 
terial prosperity of hundreds of Newark manufactures 
and many thousands of mechanics and laborers than any 
man who ever lived here. And yet it took more than 
twenty years from the time a movement was started to 
erect a monument in his honor to raise the money to pay 
for the statue now in Washington Park, though any of 
the individuals or firms of manufacturers who had made 
large fortunes out of Seth Boyden's inventions could have 
given a check for the amount needed and not have missed 
the money ! It was not until the Board of Trade took up 
the matter in 1887 that the money was secured and the 
monument was dedicated on May 13, 1890. 

Seth Boyden was born on a farm near Foxborough, 
Mass., on November 17, 1788. He went to a "deestrict 
school" only two months in a year, so he had small edu- 
cational advantages. But he inherited from his maternal 
grandfather, Uriah Atherton, who made cannons, bombs, 
balls, etc., for the patriot army during the Kevolutionary 
War, a genius for invention in the mechanic arts. He 
had no trade, no instruction in mechanical work, but he 
toiled at an old furnace on the farm, and when he was 
fifteen years old had repaired watches for neighbors, in- 
vented and made a telescope of high power, electrical 
apparatus, a rifle with a peculiar lock, an air gun and a 
microscope of great power. When he was eighteen years 
old he painted a portrait of himself on ivory and en- 
graved a portrait of General Washington on steel. In 
1810 he invented a machine for cutting wrought-iron 
nails, and in 1813 one for making brads and files and 
cutting and heading tacks of different sizes. He also 
wvented a machine for splitting leather, and it is used 
now in splitting bookbinders' stock. 

In 1815 Mr. Boyden came to Newark and operated his 
brad and tack machines. He then perfected his machine 
for splitting leather, but let others make fortunes out 
of it. In 1818, while making silver-plated articles for 
harness and carriages, he was shown a piece of glazed 
leather from France. He analyzed the varnish on the 



Men and Women of Newark.— Boyden. 141 



leather and soon produced a superior article, what is 
known as patent leather. He made this leather in a 
factory in Broad Street and carried it on until 1831, when 
he sold it. He had discovered on July 4, 1826, the process 
for making malleable iron out of cast iron. He opened 
a malleable iron factory in the rear of 30 Orange Street, 
but sold it in 1838 for §25,000. Newark became the great 
centre of the patent leather and malleable iron industries, 
but Seth Boyden got none of the big profits. In 1835 he 
directed his genius to steam engines and locomotives, and 
in 1837 built the first locomotive in New Jersey, the *'0r- 
ange," which drew a train up a grade of 140 feet on the 
Morris and Essex Railroad. He said of his improvements 
on steam engines : 

"My first improvement in stationary steam engines was 
the cast iron frame or bed ; my next was the introduction 
of the straight axle to the locomotive in place of the 
crank, which is now universally used; my greatest in- 
vention in the steam engine was the cut-off in place of 
the throttle valve, and connecting the cut-off and the 
governor together." 

In 1848 Mr. Boyden discovered a process for smelting 
ores from the zinc mines of New Jersey, but he got the 
*'gold fever," went to California, leaving others to make 
fortunes out of his process, and returned to Newark in 
1850 poor. He continued to produce useful inventions, 
until he was nearly 80 years old. Their names and the 
briefest descriptions of them would fill columns of the 
Evening Star. He then developed grapes and straw- 
berries on his small farm at Hilton, producing 
berries of great size. He produced the first daguerrotype 
in America. Birds ate from his hand and fish came to 
the bank of a pond in the farm at his call. When he was 
80 years old he made a watchcase, spoons and knives 
of oroide in a shed on his farm, his only tools being a 
hammer and a foot-lathe. These articles were seen at 
the exhibit of old Newark in the Public Library in No- 
vember last. He always worked for wages until too old 
to work. The only invention he ever patented was one 



142 Newark in the Public Schools. 

for machines for forming hat bodies, but others made 
fortunes out of the invention. He died in 1870 at the 
age of 82 years. 

At the unveiling of the monument to Seth Boj^den in 
Washington Park in May, 1890, the late Mayor Joseph 
Emmet Haynes said, in accepting it for the city from the 
Hon. K. Wayne Parker, then president of the Board of 
Trade : 

''Many men from this city have occupied positions of 
honor and trust in State and national affairs * * * 
but it was the workingmau, tlie mechanic, the inventor, 
Seth Boyden, who has conferred an honor on Newark 
that will last as long as time shall endure." And, re- 
ferring to the statue, he said: "He is not represented 
in fine linen and broadcloth, but he stands attired as one 
of God's noblemen, 'an American mechanic,' with his 
shirtsleeves rolled up and wearing a leather apron. 

"This is, indeed, a proud day for honest labor, for never 
before, in this or in any other land, has labor received 
such recognition, and it should be an incentive for every 
laborer and mechanic to try and do something for his 
fellowmen and to make the world better for his living 
in it." 

Here are extracts from the oration of General Theodore 
Runyon, chancellor of New Jersey, later first American 
ambassador to Germany, and every manufacturer and 
mechanic should read and treasure what he said of Seth 
Boyden : 

"Notwithstanding the value of the processes in the 
arts which he discovered or invented, he lived and died 
in comparative poverty, working for wages up to the 
time when he was almost four-score years of age. 

"He acquired a knowledge of optics, of chemistry, of 
mineralogy, of astronomy, of electricity, of geology, of 
botany, and of natural philosophy, without the aid of 
schools. 

"When he made a useful discovery he announced it, 
and giving it to the world, set at work to make another. 
His nature was full of benevolence. He served his Maker 



Men and ^A'omen of Newark — Kinney. 145 

by serving his fellow man. It has been well said of him 
that his anvil was his altar." 

After remarking that Senator Frederick T. Freling- 
huysen, a good judge of human nature, said Seth Boyden 
was '"the peer of any man," General Runyon concluded : 

''This statue, which represents Seth Boyden as he was, 
in the garb of an artisan in the midst of his toil, will 
teach the youth of this day and of the future, the great 
blessing of his life that there may be signal successes in 
spite of early disadvantages; that there are rewards bet- 
ter than wealth, and that the noblest life is a life of de- 
votion to the public welfare. They will learn from it, 
also, that neither riches, nor station, nor early oppor- 
tunities, are necessary to a successful life, but that the 
greatest triumphs may be won without any of those ad- 
ventitious aids. The}^ will learn from the honor done to 
the memory of this man, who was poor, and never held 
any public station, nor sought any sphere, except useful- 
ness in private life, that there are things to live for that 
are better than money or public ofiflce." 

Elizabeth Clemantine Kinney 

One of the cleverest women that ever lived in Newark 
was the gifted Elizabeth Clemantine Kinney, who wrote 
excellent poetry and charming prose, and wiio in her time 
was a star in the most select American and European 
literary circles. Her father was a wealthy merchant of 
New York City, where she was born in ISIO. He gave her 
a splendid education. She was a sister of William E. 
Dodge, the philanthropist. She was married twice. Her 
first husband was Edmuud Burke Stedman, and she was 
the mother of the late Edmund Clarence Stedman, the 
banker-poet, who lived near Irvington for years and who 
inherited her poetic genius. 

In 1841 she married William Burnet Kinney, who as 
editor and proprietor of the Newark Daily Advertiser, 
now the Newark Evening Star, made that paper influen- 
tial in State and national politics. 



146 Newark in the Public Schools. 

After her marriage to the editor, Mrs. Kinney wrote 
many interesting letters for the Advertiser, and when Mr. 
Kinney was appointed United States minister to Sardinia, 
in 1851, she went with him to the court of Victor Eman- 
ufel, and at Tunis she was a favorite in court circles be- 
cause of her social and literary gifts. She wrote for the 
Advertiser poems and letters from Florence, Italy, where 
she and her husband lived for several years after they 
quitted the Sardinian court, and where she was a star in 
the literary circle with the Brownings, the Tennysons, 
the Trollopes and Powers, the gifted Irish sculptor, whose 
great work, ''The Greek Slave," made a sensation in the 
world of art. Her letters were not only copied in the 
leading American newspapers, but also in Blackwood's 
Magazine, the Edinourgh Review and other great period- 
icals in Great Britain. They were also translated and 
printed in the newspapers of the great cities throughout 
the world. 

Some of Mrs. Kinney's best poems were written in 
Italy. In one she mirrored a beautiful lake, in another 
an Italian moonlight, and in others she drew pictures of 
the children and women of that land of sun and clear 
blue skies. She also wrote a drama, ^'Bianca Cappello," 
in blank verse, and in America she wrote the poem, "Divi- 
dent Hill," descriptive of the scene at the fixing of the 
boundary line between Newark and Elizabethtown by 
the early settlers, three centuries ago. 

Mrs. Kinney and her husband returned to the United 
States early in 1866, and he delivered the oration in May 
of that year at the observance in the First Church of the 
two hundredth anniversary of the settlement of Newark. 
A poem by Mrs. Kinney was read on the same occasion. 
She died at Summit, N. J., in 1889, having survived her 
husband, who died in 1881. 

The late Thomas T. Kinney, son of Mrs. Kinney, suc- 
ceeded his father as editor and owner of the Newark Daily 
Advertiser. 

A memorable event in the early history of Newark and 
Elizabethtown was the fixing of the boundarv line be- 



Divident Hill. 147 



tween the two little settlements on May 20, 16GS. The 
commissioners from each place met on a knoll of land, 
and the dividing line they agreed upon was from ''the 
top of a little round hill named "Divident Hill," west to 
what is now Orange Mountain. The agreement was 
"sanctified by prayer." Mrs. Kinney, upwards of 200 
years later, wrote this poem for the Advertiser in memory 
of the historical event: 



DIVIDENT HILL 

Pause here, O muse! that Fancy's eye 

May trace the footprints still, 
Of men that, centuries gone by. 

With prayer ordained this hill; 
As lifts the misty veil of years. 

Such visions here arise, 
As when the glorious past appears 

Before enchanted eyes. 

I see, from 'midst the faithful few, 

Whose deeds yet live sublime — 
Whose guileless spirts, brave as true, 

Are models "for all time," 
A group upon this height convened — 

In solemn prayer they stand — 
Men, on whose sturdy wisdom leaned 

The settlers of the land. 

In mutual love the line they trace 

That will their homes divide, 
And ever mark the chosen place 

That prayer hath sanctified; 
And here it stands — a temple old, 

Which crumbling Time still braves; 
Though ages have their cycles rolled 

Above those patriots' graves. 



148 Newark in the Public Schools. 

As Christ transfigured on the height, 

The three beheld with awe, 
And near, His radiant form, in white, 

The ancient prophets saw; 
So, on this summit I behold 

With beatific sight. 
Once more our praying sires of old, 

As spirits clothed in light. 

A halo crowns the sacred hill, 

And thence glad voices raise 
A song that doth the concave fill — 

Their prayers are turned to praise! 
Art may not for these saints of old 

The marble urn invent; 
Yet here the Future shall behold 

Their heaven- built monument. 

Samuel N. Combs 

The pioneer shoemaker in early iS'ewark, so far as old 
records show, was Samuel Whitehead, who came from 
Elizabethtown, now Elizabeth city, about the year 1680, 
''to inhabit among us, provided he will supply the town 
with shoes," but Samuel N. Combs, an eccentric man, 
who began tanning leather in 1780, was the first to manu- 
facture shoes for sale outside of the town. In 1790 Combs 
sold 200 pairs of sealskin shoes to a man who had a 
store in Augusta, Georgia, the first shoes ever sent from 
Newark to Georgia. 

In the Town Records of Newark the minutes read ''that 
Rev. Moses Combs be keeper of the pound." He sub- 
scribed to the fund for the erection of the old First Pres- 
byterian Church, but he gave up the ministry, became a 
tanner and then a shoe manufacturer. Though a strict 
church member, a fervent temperance man and an advo- 
cate of education, he was opposed to what he considered 
arbitrary church discipline. He led in a movement to 



Men and Women of Newark. — Combs. 149 

establish a religion in Avliich the Presbyterian, or Con- 
gregational, should be more liberal than that of the Rev. 
Dr. Alexander MacWhorter, which he held was too puri- 
tanical. 

Mr. Combs erected a frame building in Market Street, 
near Plane Street, the first floor of which Avas for re- 
ligious worship and the second for school purposes. He 
was the minister and the schoolmaster. In a few years 
his followers returned to the old faith. He argued that 
the body should be freed from slavery and the mind from 
ignorance, and he opened a school for apprentices in his 
shoe factory. It is said this was the first school of the 
kind in America. He set one of his slaves, Harry Law- 
rence, free, and the man was hanged on the Upper Com- 
mon, now Military Park, on October 4, 1803, for poison- 
ing his wife 1 

Though he was a man of peculiar ideas, Mr. Combs was 
a valuable citizen of the infant town of Newark, and he 
richly deserves the honor of being ''the father of the great 
shoemaking industry of Newark," for his apprentices be- 
came great manufacturers. Their products were shipped 
to all sections of America and all lands in the civilizecl 
world. He had the courage of his convictions, was very 
charitable, educated many poor boys and started them 
in business. There are many of his descendants in New- 
ark and Essex County, but none the writer talked with 
had interesting records of his remarkable life. 

One of Mr. Combs' most successful ai)j)rentices was 
Luther Coble, who was born in norlliei-n New Jersey, 
came to Newark about the year 1783, worked in Mr. 
Combs' shoe factory in the day and studied in his free 
school at night, and in 1795 began business for himself. 
He amassed a fortune, built homes for workingmen, died 
at a ripe age, and his death was lamented by thousands 
who had been assisted by him. Some of his descend- 
ants became prominent in finance and the professions. 
It was fho same witli Enoch and Ephraini P.ollcs. who 
introduced many improvements in the shoe industry and 
became tlie fashionable boot and slioe mnkers of tlie town. 



150 Newark in the Public Schools. 

(i) What Old Settlers Did 
(2) When Women Voted. 

Several descendants of early settlers of Newark have 
asked the writer of the ''Men and Women of Newark" 
series to record what some of the men did for the town, 
when the little settlement of less than one hundred 
families assumed the dignity of a town and town meet- 
ings were held. Some of the old settlers have been noticed 
in sketches of their descendants, who rose to positions 
of distinction in the country, province, State and nation. 
It was not intended to slight anybody, and therefore refer- 
ence will be made to-day to the work done by each man 
for the town, so far as the meagre records will permit. 

During the infant years of the town every man had his 
share of public work to do. Henry Lyon was the first 
tavernkeeper. He had to beware of entertaining strangers 
"indiscriminately." The traveler had to give religious 
proofs before he was given rest and refreshment. Samuel 
Swaine built the first gristmill. He was ''third man" 
to Robert Treat, the first town clerk, and Jasper Crane, 
the first president of the town court, and he and Treat 
were the magistrates. Thomas Johnson, father of the 
"town drummer," became the constable. It was his duty 
to see that ever}^ "disobedient and refractory })erson" and 
every liar "quietly departed the place seasonably." Minor 
offenses, such as swearing, "tippling on the Lord's day 
except for necessary refreshment," and night walking 
after 9 o'clock were punishable by fines and public whip- 
ping. 

John Ward, a son of Laurence Ward, the first deacon 
when the church was the town and the town was the 
church, was brander and recorder of cattle, and George 
Day announced the town meetings. Ephraim Penning- 
ton, father of Governor William Sandford Pennington, 
and his son, Governor William Pennington, was viewer 
of fences and assistant surveyor, and William Camp 
was assistant viewer of fences. John RockAvell 
was admitted as a resident of the town on condition 



What Old Settlers Did. 151 



that he keep a boat on the Passaic Eiver for public uses. 
No one was received in those days as a ^'member of the 
town" without a certificate of church membership, and 
then only by a full vote. 

John Ward was th(j» first wood turner in the town. 
Samuel Whitehead was the first shoemaker, and Benja- 
min Baldwin was the town weaver. Hans Albers and 
Hugh Koberts were the pioneer tanners. Patrick Fal- 
coner, merchant and lay preacher, and John Catlin, the 
first schoolmaster and town attorney. Sergeant was the 
wolf and bear killer. Some of these men came from 
Elizabethtown and other places. On the threshold of 
the year 1700 outsiders were received as residents of the 
town, but to vote they had to be members of the church. 
March, 1677, it was decided that all men who improved 
land in the town should attend the town meetings 
and attend to business ''as any planters do," and yet in 
1685 a committee went from house to house to get men 
to sign the church agreement. 

For nearly 150 years after the settlement of Newark 
women had no part in church management or affairs of 
the town. In the meeting house, and later in the church 
building, they sat on one side of the church and the men 
on the opposite side. Their duties were in their homes. 
But in the year 1807 the Legislature gave them the right 
to vote. What is now Union County was then in Essex 
County. A new court house was to be built and both 
Newark and Elizabethtown wanted the building. The 
men and women of each towni were allowed to vote. The 
first election was held in Elizabethtown, and all accounts 
of it agree that it was crooked, that many women voted 
three or four times. But at the election in Newark, 
women young and old, voted from five to nine times each, 
many dressed as boys or men with hair rolled up and 
concealed under wide-brimmed hats. 

Newark won the court house by a large majority. The 
Elizabethtown people made charges of gross frauds, 
especially by the women who voted, but the Slate powers 
took no action. Modern suffragists who talk so glibly 



152 Newark in the Public Schools. 

about elections being made pure and honest if women are 
allowed to vote should read the story of the election in 
the town of Newark in February, 1807, as related in the 
histories of that period. Men voted only once, but women 
who were to sanctify the ballot, voted early and often, 
and at night, when it was known that Newark had won 
the new court house, the women iluminated their houses 
in honor of their victory. 

Here is what an old author, wlio had talked with men 
and women, who voted at the election of 1807 wrote about 
it: "Every person voted at every poll. Married women 
voted as well as single women. Three sisters, the young- 
est 15 years, changed their dresses and their names, and 
voted six times each. Two of them are still living and 
reside in Newark. Men and boys changed clothes in 
order to duplicate their votes, and married and single 
women did tlie same. Never was there a more reckless 
election. Newark won the court house, and in the evening 
illuminated herself even to the tops of her steeples; can- 
non thundered and bellowed, and all the tar and apple 
barrels which could be gathered in from miles around 
were consumed by fire." 

HISTORY 

REVISION OF COURSE OF STUDY 

Grade 6B 

After the words ''Colonial life and customs" insert the 
following: Direct special attention to the settlement of 
Newark by emigrants from Connecticut who were dis- 
satisfied with political and religious conditions there. 
(See "History of Newark.") Study these conditions 
briefly and add some details as to the character of the 
Newark emigrants, the causes of emigration, and the 
founding of the city. 

Grade 7B 

After the words "permanent settlement" insert the 
following: Settlement of Newark by emigrants from 
Connecticut. Political and religious conditions that 



Historic Spots of Newark. 153 

caused them to emigrate. The Constitution of Connecti- 
cut, and its remarkable provision governing the right to 
vote. Disaffection in Massachusetts, and difference of 
opinion between Hooker on one hand, and Winthrop and 
Cotton on the other, with respect to the right to vote, and 
democracy. Difference between New Haven and Con- 
necticut. The motive of King Charles II in granting 
the charter to Connecticut. The settlement in Newark. 
Allotment of land. Suffrage. Form of government 
adopted, and the duration of the theocratic ideal. 

Note: — Consult Bancroft's ^'History of the United 
States," last five pages of chap. 9; Thwaite's ''The Col- 
onies,"' Volume I. In the "Epochs of American His- 
tory"; Fiske's ''The Beginnings of New England," part 
of chap. 3: and the "History of Newark." The last two 
books are on the list. 

A FEW OF THE HISTORIC SPOTS 
IN AND NEAR NEWARK 

Academy, Site of. Washington Square. Burnt by the 
British, January 25, 1780. 

Ailing House, Site of. Broad below Fair. Chateaubriand 
and Talleyrand both spent some time there, the for- 
mer compiling his "Genius of Christianity" in this 
house. 

Aquackanonck. Here Washington and his retreating 
army crossed the Passaic and entered Newark, No- 
vember 22, 1776. 

Boudinot House, Site of. Park Place and Park Street. 
Lafayette entertained here, September 23, 1824. 

Burr Homestead, Site of. Broad near William. 

Burying ground. Site of. Broad below Market. First 
settlers were buried here. Now being sold for build- 
ing lots. 

"Cedars," Eiver Road. Home of Henry William Herbert, 
"Frank Forrester." 

Cockloft Hall. Mr. Pleasant Ave. Built by the Gouver- 
neur family and occupied by Gouverneur Kemble. 



154 Newark in the Public Schools. 



The resort of Irving, Pauldirg and the literati of 
New York. 

"Divident Hill," boundary of Newark and Elizabeth. 

Eagle Tavern, near the site of the old City Hall, spoken 
of generally as Washington's headquarters. 

Early settlers. Monument to. In Fairmount Cemetery. 
All the bones removed from the old Burying Ground 
are interred under this. 

First church of Newark, stood on the spot on the west 
side of Broad, near the engine houses which were 
torn down April, 1906, and opposite the present 
structure. 

First Presbyterian Church (present structure), opened 
for public worship, January 1, 1791. 

"Kearny Castle," Kearny. 

Kearny Homestead, site of. Belleville Avenue, where 
Normal School now stands. 

Market Place, three acres, established October, 1676. Now 
Washington Park. 

Ogden Homestead, corner Broad and Clay Streets. 

Park House, Site of. Corner Park Place and Canal. Ho- 
tel. Henry Clay spoke from the steps, November 
20, 1833. 

Plume Homestead. Corner Broad and State. Was oc- 
cupied by the Plume family in 1712. 

Seth Boyden's factory. Site of. 30 Orange Street, rear. 
Here he made malleable iron. 

Springfield, Battle of. Site. Jersey forces under Dayton 
defeated Knyphausen. Theme of Bret Harte's poem 
"Caldwell of Springfield." 

"Stone Bridge." Mill Brook, site of the first corn mill. 

Training ground, six acres, established October, 1676. 

Treat, Robert, "the founder of Newark." First Presby- 
terian Church now occupies a portion of his "home 
Now Military Park ; see marble slab placed there in 
1826. 



SOME OF THE t,eADING EVENTS IN THE 
HISTORY O. NEWARK, TO 1900. 

1664, March. Philip Carteret commissioned in England 
the Governor of ]S'ew Jersey, which was part of the 
grant made by Charles of England to James, Duke 
of York and Albany. 

1664, March. "The concessions and agreement of the 
Lords Proprietors of Nova Caesarea or New Jersey, 
to and with all and every of the adventurers and all 
such as shall settle and plant there" made public. 
This constitution contains the "germ of those repub- 
lican principles for which the State has ever been 
distinguished." 

1666, May 17. Milfordites landed at Newark. They were 
led from Milford, Conn., by Eobert Treat, who is 
called the Founder of Newark. 

1668, May 20. Meeting of commissioners of Newark and 
of Elizabethtown at ''Divident Hill" to fix the bound- 
ary between settlements. 

1676. First school master appointed — John Catlin — ''to 
do his faithful, honest and true endeavor to teach 
* * * the reading and writing of English and 
also Arethmetick if they desire it; as much as they 
are capable to learn and he capable to teach them." 

1680, June 30. Proceedings of the town meeting ; "Agreed 
that the town is willing Samuel Whitehead should 
come and inhabit among us, provided he will supply 
the town with shoes." 

1698, April 18. "Tan yard" established by Azariah Crane. 

1733. Col. Ogden saved his wheat on Sunday, was pub- 
licly censured by the Presbyterian Church, and as 
a result founded Trinity Episcopal Church. 

1746, October 22. "College of New Jersey" incorporated 
at Elizabethtown. 

1748, September. College re-established at Newark. 

1756. College removed to Princeton. 

1760. Quarrel of the four Newark parishes over the own- 
ership of the "Parsonage Property." Battle of the 
Woodchoppers. 



156 Newark in the Public Schools. 

1765, Direct land route established between Newark and 
New York, the route now known as the plank road. 

1774, Newark espouses the cause of Boston, and leads 
New Jersey in opposition to the fetamp act. 

1775, March 10. NeAvark Academy founded. At a reg- 
ular meeting of the Committee of the Academy, De- 
cember, 1794, it was ''Kesolved, thpt Rl ^ ]\ir. Ogden 
be empowered to sell the negro man James, given by 
Mr. Watts as a donation to the Academy for as much 
money as he will sell for." 

1776, Nov. 28. Washington departed from Newark, 
Cornwallis moved in, remained until December 1, 
and then followed Washington, leaving a guard in 
Newark. 

1780, June 23. Battle of Springfield. In those days 

Springfield had not been set off from Newark and 

Elizabethtown. 
1792. Talleyrand, Charles Maurice, Prince de Talleyrand- 

Perigord, and Bishop of Autun, when driven from 

Europe, spent some time in Newark. 

1795. "Moral epidemic." ''Voluntary Association of the 
people of Newark to observe the Sabbath" formed. 

1796. "Centinel of Freedom" established. It denounced 
slavery, N. J. being a slave state. 

1801. Jewelry was manufactured by Epaphras Hinsdale. 

1804. Earliest manufacture of carriages in Newark — 
Stephen Wheeler, Cyrus Beach, Caleb Carter, Robert 
B. Campfield. 

1804, May 4. Newark Banking and Insurance Co. estab- 
lished. "The parent bank of Newark." First presi- 
dent. Judge Elisha Boudinot. 

1810. Hatting trade established by William Rankin. 

1810. ( ?) First iron foundry in Newark. 

1813. First movement by the town to establish free or 
public schools for children of the poor. 

1820. Slavery abolished in New Jersey. Its introduc- 
tion was coeval with the settlement of the Province. 

1824. St. John's, the parent Catholic church in Newark, 
erected. 



Events in 2sewark Histoiy. 157 



1825. Chair-making was quite extensively carried on by 
David Ailing. 

1830. German settlers began to come in — Gottbardt 
Schmidt, Jaco-y Von Dannecker, etc. 

1832. Morris Canal completed, furnishing the town with 
"a direct and easy communication with the Delaware 
at r:^stQji and the Lehigh Coal Mines at Mauch 
Chunk."' 

1832, March 1... The first number of the Newark Daily 
Advertiser was issued. Published by George Bush 
& Co. 

1834, Sept. 15. New Jersey Eailroad and Transporta- 
tion Company opened its road between Newark 
and Jersey City. A steamboat and regular line of 
stages also carried passengers to and from New York. 

1836. Present school system was established. 

1836, April. Newark became a full-fledged city, of 20,000 
population, and proceeded to light its streets for the 
first time. Oil lamps were used. 

1837. Thomas B. Peddie manufactured trunks. 

1840. Peter Ballantine, a thrifty Scotchman, came to 
Newark and established the ale brewery and malt 
house of P. Ballantine & Sons. 

1845, May. Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Co. organized 
in Newark. President, Robert L. Patterson. 

1846. Newark Library Association incorporated. 
1846, December 26. Newark Gas Light Co. commenced 

the manufacture of gas, and the city streets were 
lighted with it. 

1848-9. Many German political fugitives, following the 
collapse of the Revolution of the Grand Duchy of 
Baden, found homes in Newark. 

1852, July 26. The work of laying stone pavements com- 
menced on Market Street. Broad Street was paved 
a year later. 

1858. New Jersey Freie Zeitung established. 

1866. Clark Thread Works established. 

1871. Woodside annexed to Newark. 

1872. Sunday Call was started. 



158 Newark in the Public Schools. 

1872. Newark Industrial Exhibition. Open for 52 days; 

visited by 130,000 persons. Horace Greeley and 

President Grant among the visitors. 
1875. Prudential Insurance Company founded. 

1879. City Home opened. 

1880. Deutsche Zeitung established; published till 1898. 

1882. First public arc lamps introduced. 

1883. Evening News established. 

1885. Technical School organized. 

1886. Old Burying ground given over for public pur- 
poses. 

1888. Free Library incorporated. 

1889. Free Library opened in West Park Street. 
1889. Unveiling of monument to first settlers in Fair- 
mount Cemetery. 

1889. Dedication of aqueduct property for public park 
at Branch Brook. 

1890. First electric car put in service in Newark. 
1892. Prudential building erected. 

1896. Clinton annexation act passed. 

1896. Present Post Office building occupied. 

1898. New High School erected. 

1899. Howard Savings Bank building completed. 

1899. Act for meadow reclamation. 

1900. Erection of new City Hall decided by Common 
Council. 

Books on Politics and Government, and Reading List 
on Newark and New Jersey to be supplied by the Library. 

LITERARY LANDMARKS OF NEWARK 

The old Daily Advertiser office still stands at the cor- 
ner of Market and Broad Streets; the newspaper of 
which Noah Brooks was long editor, and upon whose 
staff, the Gilders, and Stephen Crane, were some time 
employed. Upon the opposite corner of Broad and Mar- 
ket Streets, the Morning Register was edited by Richard 
Watson Gilder, and later by Dr. English. To its columns 
all the Gilder family contributed. Opposite the Evening 



Literary Landmarks of Newark. 159 



A'ew;s otlflce was the home of Dr. Abraham Coles. Here 
he translated "Dies Irae," ^'Stabat Mater," and wrote 
other poems. In the old First Church, George Whitefield 
once preached, during the pastorate of Aaron Burr. 

The old Ailing homestead stood upon the site now oc- 
cupied by the Kremlin Building, opposite William Street 
on Broad. It was associated with foreign literary char- 
acters, chief among whom were Talleyrand, Charles Maur- 
ice, Prince de Talleyrand-Perigord, and the Bishop of 
Autun. The last named dwelt here during the greater 
part of his exile in America. Here also dwelt, for a 
time, Viscount de Chateaubriand, and here it is said he 
planned one of his most impressive works, "The Genius 
of Christianity," which he wrote in a London attic and 
published in Paris. Edgar Alan Poe is supposed to have 
received from this book, the conception which he clothed 
in the musical rhyme of "The Bells." 

Stephen Crane was born on Mulberry Place. Kichard 
Watson Gilder, the late editor of The Century, lived on 
Brunswick Street, at No. 77. The home is still standing. 
Here he produced some of the exquisite verse for which 
he is known and loved, and here Miss Jeannette Gilder 
wrote "Journalistic Experiences." 

The poet-banker, Edmund Clarence Stedman, had a 
home on Stratford Place, corner of Avon Avenue. The 
house has been removed from its original site to Avon 
Avenue. Here Stedman wrote many of his charming 
poems, and part of his volume on "The Victorian Poets." 
In his home, Dr. Coles, Mary Mapes Dodge, the Gilders, 
Bayard Taylor, were frequent guests. 

At the summit of Long Hill on Elizabeth Avenue, stood 
the fine old mansion of the late Professor Mapes, where 
his gifted daughter, Mary Mapes Dodge, spent her early 
life. While a resident here, she commenced her editorial 
career on the Hearth and Home. She also wrote "Hans 
Brinker," a favorite book in the Newark schools. 

Marian Harland (Mrs. Terhune) lived on High Street, 
just back of the Court House. She wrote "My Little 
Love" and "Common Sense in the Household." In the 



160 Newark in the Public Schools. 

dwelling adjoining the Park House, Marian Harland 
produced "At Last" and "True as Steel," and at Xo. 4 
West Park Street, were written several of her novels. 

The old Park House, the site of which is now occupied 
by Proctor's Theatre, was for years the abode of Elizabeth 
Clemantine Kinney, the intimate friend of the Brownings, 
with whom she spent much time in Florence. She was 
the author of ''Felicita," ''The Italian Beggar Boy," and 
"Bianca Capello." She was the mother of the poet Sted- 
man. 

Noah Brooks lived in the Aldine apartment house, cor- 
ner of Lombardy and Broad Streets. Here he wrote his 
"Life of Lincoln" in the "Heroes of the Nation" series, 
"Boy Settlers," and "History of the United States." 

Dr. Thomas Dunn English, the author of the lyric "Ben 
Bolt," had a home on State Street, where he wrote "Battle 
Lyrics," "Battle of Monmouth," "The Sack of Deerfield," 
and "Palingenesia." The song "Ben Bolt" has been re- 
cently introduced into Cable's "Dr. Sevier," and Du 
Maurier's "Trilby." Dr. English lived to be sorry that he 
ever wrote "Ben Bolt," by which he was chiefly known. 
He rated the ballad as the poorest of his literary produc- 
tions, and was much annoyed at the popular taste that 
preferred this song to his other works. 

At the junction of Belleville Avenue and Broad Street 
stood the mansion of the Ogden family. Here Tom Moore, 
the poet of "Lalla Kookh" was once a guest. Letters 
which he wrote at that time derided the Americans as 
barbarous, sordid, corrupt, barren in intellect, taste, and 
all in which the heart is concerned. He excepted from his 
denunciations, the women, and it is said that one of his 
love lyrics, "Come o'er the sea. Maiden, with me," was 
addressed to a fair inmate of the Ogden house. Years 
afterward, he expressed to Irving his sorrow over "these 
sins of his early life." Not many months after Moore's 
visit to the Ogden House, Irving began to frequent the 
old mansion, celebrated as the Cockloft Hall of "Sal- 
magundi." This mansion, still stands. In those days it 
was owned by Gouverneur Kemble, and was the resort 



Literary Landmaiks of ]S'e\vuik. IGl 

of a number of clioiee spirits of the time, iucluding Wash- 
ington Irving, Peter Irving, Kemble, James K. Paulding, 
Henry Ogden. They made the old place gay with their 
frolics and pranks. Here the Salmagundi papers were 
planned and partly written, and the mansion figures con- 
spicuously in the pages. Many years after, Paulding, 
author of twenty-seven successful books, and a member 
of Van Buren's cabinet, wrote of the old hall in terms of 
affectionate regard. Not long before his death, we find 
Irving recalling his pleasant memories of the place, and 
asking Kemble, in allusion to their merry frolics there, 
"Who would have thought we should have lived to be such 
respectable old gentlemen?" 

Directly opposite to Cockloft Hall, on jNlount Pleasant 
Avenue, lived and died Kay Palmer, writer and author 
of ''My Faith Looks Up to Thee." 

Dr. William Hayes Ward has lived on Abington Ave- 
nue above Mount Prospect Avenue for over a quarter of 
a century. This has been the home of the veteran editor 
of the Independent, and his gifted sister. Miss Susan 
Hayes Ward. Here, too, lived Herbert D. Ward, before he 
married Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, and became the hero 
of his story "The Burglar That Moved Paradise." 

On Summer Avenue is the home of Miss Amanda M. 
Douglas, the author of "In Trust," and a popular histori- 
cal series, embracing "A Little Girl in Old New York" 
and "A Little Girl in Old Washington." 

In a romantic spot near the river bank, at the north- 
east corner of Mount Pleasant Cemetery, lived the bril- 
liant and unhappy Henry William Herbert. A spot se- 
lected, as he said, because the living were distant and 
the dead would not molest him. In this place he 
erected a quaint gabled cottage and carved above the en- 
trance the arms of the English family to which he be- 
longed. Here he wrote twenty-three of his more than 
one hundred books, and partially completed others, in- 
cluding a spirited translation of Homer's "Iliad." Some 
of these books treated of field sports, and were published 
under the name of "Frank Forrester." To his home he 



162 Newark in the Public Schools. 

brought a bride who left him three months later, and 
whose final refusal to return produced the mental agony 
which impelled him to write "All is lost — home, hope, 
sunshine, she — let life go likewise." A frequent caller 
was an unlettered English farmer, living one-half mile 
distant, Mr. I'Anson, to whom Herbert was greatly at- 
tached, and to whom he wrote the day before his suicide, 
begging for burial in his cemetery plot. A slab marks 
his grave in the cemetery, and ivy brought from the seat 
of the noble English family from which he was descended, 
mantles the grave and stone with its dark foliage, except 
where it is trimmed away to show the inscription, dic- 
tated by Herbert to his friend — the simplest record of his 
years in the one most expressive word "•Infelicissimus." 

Henry William Herbert sleeps in a suicide's grave, 
while his own "Cedars" whisper above him of the silence 
and mystery. 

(See Wolfe's "Literary Rambles," chap 2.) 

Note: — It is recommended that teachers have some of 
these books, written in Newark or about Newark, read to 
the class. A good "Newark Day" program might include 
extracts from Newark authors. Appoint pupils to visit 
Cockloft Hall, the Gilder house, and the Stedman man- 
sion — all still standing — and present to the school a des- 
criptive sketch with some historical details added. 



THE NEWARK INDEX 

Being an index to all things mentioned in the Course of 
Study with many additional entries referring to Civics, 
Public Hygiene and Newark affairs, and with refer- 
ences to sources of information. 

Academy, Site of old, 15o 

Administration of a city, sec (Jovernment, City 
Adulteration of foods, see Pure food 
Aged, Care of the, 72 

Consult Social Service directory 
See also Defectives and dependents 
Albers, Hans, pioneer tanner, 151 
Ailing, David, chair maker, 1825, 157 
Ailing homestead. Site of the, 153, 15!); Talleyrand at, 

153, 159 
Almshouses 

Consult Annual reports, City of Newark 

Dependents, defectives and delinquents. Hen- 
derson 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
See also Defectives and dependents 
Altitude lines explained, 8 
Ambulances, 38 

See Hospitals 
Animal code of Board of Health, 45 
Animals of New Jersey, see Fauna 
Anti-smoke league. New York city, 62 
Antitoxin, 36 

Aquackanonck, place where Washington crossed the Pas- 
saic in 1776, 153 
Arbor day, see Shade Tree Commission; Trees 
Arc lamps first used in Newark 1882, 158; Flaming, on 

Broad St., 26 
Armory 

Consult Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Ashes, Disposal of, see Waste, Disposal of 
Assessment Commission, 117 
Assessments, see Taxation; Government, City 
Asylums 



164: Newark in the Public Schools, 

Consult Annual message of Essex County Super- 
visor, 190!) 
Dependents, defectives and delinquents. Hen- 
derson 
Proceedings of Board of Freeholders of Essex 

County, N. J. 
Librarj^ file 
^See also Defectives and dependents 
Australian ballot, 101 

Autliority, Home, City, State and National, see Govern- 
ment; Citizenship 
Autun, Bishop of, at the Ailing homestead, 159 
Bacterial standard for milk, see Milk 
Baldwin, Benjamin, town weaver, 151 
Ballantine, Peter, established ale brewery and malt house, 

1810, 157 
Band concerts, 71 

Bannwart, Carl, leaflet on Shade Tree Commission, 66 
Barringer High School erected 1898, 158 
Bath-houses, Public, 38 

Consult C(mstructive and preventive philanthropy, 
Lee 

Town and city, Jewett 
Library file 
Beautiful spots in Newark 

Consult Keports of Essex Co. Park Commission 
Reports of Shade Tree Commission 
Library file 

Library picture collection 
See also Parks 
Beer tax, 101 

See also Revenues 

Billboards, 54, 57 

Consult Bill-board nuisance. Woodruff 

Improvement of towns and cities, Robinson, pp, 

76-93 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Library picture collection 



Index. 105 

Sec also Municipal art 
Biographical sketches of men and women of Newark, 125 
Consult Card catalog under New Jersey — Biography 
Librarj' file 

Library picture collection 
Birds of New Jersey, see Fauna 
Blind, Care of the, 72 

Consult Annual report of Newark I>oard of Educa- 
tion 

Children who need not have been blind. New 

York Association for the Blind 
Education in the United States. Boone 
Proceedings of National Education Association, 

1909, pp. 887-888 
Story of my life. Keller 
School scrap book 
Library file 
See also Defectives and dependents 
Board of Education, composition, etc., 82, 83, 110; De- 
partments, 84 ; Playgrounds, 41 ; Secretary, Duties of, 
83 ; Superintendent, Duties of, 83 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
School scrap book 
See also Schools 
Board of Examiners, Duties of, 84 

Board of Health, powers, etc. Sanitary Code of, 41; 115: 
Work of, 27 

See also Health, Public; Physicians, City 
Board of Public Works, same as Board of Street and 

Water Commissioners 
Board of School Estimate, composition, etc., 110 
Board of Street and Water Commissioners, powers, etc., 
115 

Consult Library file 
Boat keejier, see Rockwell, John 
Bonds issued for government expenses, 101 
Bottled milk, see Milk 



16G Newark in the Public Schools. 

Boudinot House, Site of, 153; Lafayette at, 153 

Boulevards, see Parks and Boulevards 

Bound creek to be located, 5 

Boundary meeting at Divident Hill, 1668, 155 

Boyden, Seth, Sketch of, 139; Site of his factory, 154 

Consult Library file 
Boys, State Home for, see New Jersey State Home for 

Boys 
Branch Brook Park dedicated, 1881), 158 ; To be located, 5 
Breweries established by Peter Ballantine, 1840, 157 
Bridges over river and bay, 22 

See also Transportation 
Brooks, Noah, editor of Daily Advertiser, 158; Lived in 

"The Aldine," 160 
Building code, 45, 52 
Building construction 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 

City government for young people. Willard 
Newark leaflet 
Building Department, see Department of Building 
Building ordinances, see Building construction ; Building 

code 
Buildings, Public. See Public buildings 
Bureau of Associated Charities. Consult Social service 

directory 
Bureau of Combustibles and Fire Risks, composition, etc., 
118 

Consult Fire Prevention code 
See also Fire Department 
Burr, Col. Aaron, Sketch of, 131 
Burr, Rev. Aaron, Sketch of, 130 

Consult History of Newark. Atkinson 
Short lii story of Newark. Urquhart 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Burr homestead. Site of, 153 
Burying ground, Site of, 153 ; Taken for public use, 1886, 

158 
Business streets to be located, 5 



ludex. ■ 167 

Cabinet, see Government, National 

Caldwell, Eev. James, "the fighting parson," Sketch of, 
134 

Consult Caldwell of Springfield, Harte 
History of Newark. Atkinson 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Caldwell penitentiary, 72 

Sec also Penitentiaries 
Calvinistie religion of the Puritans, 10 
Camp, William, Assistant Viewer of Fences, 150 
Canals, Advantages of, 12, 8G 

See qlso Transportation; Commerce; Panama Canal 
Carriages manufactured, earliest notice, 1804, 15C 
Cars, Speed of. See Trolleys 
Carteret, Philip, commissioned governor of New Jersey, 

1664, 155; Grant from, 10; Seeking settlers, 10 
Catlin, John, first schoolmaster, 151, 155 
Cattle, Brander of, see Ward, John 
"Cedars," liome of Henry William Herbert, 153 
Celluloid manufacture, 23 
"Centinel of Freedom" established, 1796, 156 
Central railroad to be located, 5 
Chair making carried on by David Ailing, 1825, 157 
Charities Endorsement Committee 

Consult Social service director}- 
Charitj' and crime, 72 
Charity organizations 

Consult Annual reports. Bureau of Associated Cliari- 
ties 

Annual reports. New Jersey- State Charities Aid 

Association 
City government in tlie Ignited States. Goodnow 
Dependents, defectives and delinquents. Hen- 
derson 
Formation of charity organization societies in 

smaller cities. McLean 
New Jersey Review of Charities and Correction 
Newark : A symposium 



108 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Proceedings. National conference of charities 

and correction 
Proceedings. New Jersey state conference of 

charities and correction 
Social service directory 

What is organized charity? 10 pertinent ques- 
tions briefly answered. Russell Sage Foun- 
dation 
What social workers should know about their 

own communities. Byington 
Library file 
^cc also Hospitals 
Charter, First city, 107 

See also Government, City 
Chateaubriand, Viscount de, at the Ailing homestead, 

153, 159 
Chemical manufacture, 23 
Chicago clean city leagues, 40 
Chickens, see Poultry 
Child labor, 43, 46 

See also Labor of women and children 
Children, care, protection, etc. 

Consult Social service directory 
See also Milk 
Churches 

Consult History of Newark. Atkinson 

History of Essex and Hudson Counties. Shaw 
Short history of Newark. Urquhart 
Social service directory 
Library file 
Cigar tax, 101 

Cigarettes, Illegal sale of, 100 
Citizenship 

Consult Civic reader for new Americans. Converse 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Education for citizenship. Kerchensteiner 
Essentials in civil government. Forman 
Government of the United States. Moses 
How the people rule. Hoxie 



Index. 169 

Morals and manners. Shearer, pp. 20.5-217 
See also Duties of citizens 
City attorney, Duties of, 121 
City counsel, Duties of, 121 
City Government, see Government, City 
City Hall described, 28; New building decided upon, 
1900, 158 ; To be located, 6 

Consult Library picture collection 
See also Public buildings 
City home at Verona opened 1879, 72, 158 ; To be located, 
6; Trustees, composition, etc., 117 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 
Library file 
City Hospital to be located, 6 
City ordinances, see Ordinances 
City physicians, see Physicians, City 
City Plan Commission act of New Jersey, 50 

See also Newark City Plan Commission 
City planning, 58: What it means, 61; Milwaukee, Wis., 
and city planning, 58 
Consult American city 
Civic art. Mawson 
Grouping of public buildings. Ford 
Improvement of towns and cities. Robinson 
Introduction to city planning. Marsh 
Modern civic art. Robinson 
Montclair. Nolen 

Pamphlets and leaflets. American Civic Asso- 
ciation 
Proceedings. National conference on city plan- 
ning. 
Width and arrangement of streets. Robinson 
Library file 
See also Parks 
Civic beauty 

See Municipal art 
Civic hygiene and civics, Course of study in, 33 
Civil service reform, 100 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 



170 Newark in the Public Schools. 

How to prepare for a civil service examination. 

Leupp 
Nation and state. Philips 
World almanac, 1910, p. 125 
Library file 
Clark Thread Works established 186G, 157 
Clean Street League to be formed in each class, 39 
Cleanliness, personal and public, 36 

Consult Art of right living. Kichards 
Cost of cleanness. Kichards 
Good citizenship. Kichman & Wallach 
Good health. Jewett 
Human physiology. Ritchie 
Town and city. Jewett 
Library file 
Cleveland, Ohio, and its public buildings, 58 
Climate 

Consult Dodge's Geography of New Jersey. Woodley 
Geography of New Jersey. Davis 
New Jersey. Whitbeck 
Library file 
Clinton Hill to be located, 5 
Clinton township annexed, 1896, 158 
Cockloft Hall, home of Gouverneur Kemble, 153, 160; 
Kemble at, 161 ; Peter Irving at, 161 ; Washington Irv- 
ing at, 154, 161 ; James K. Paulding at, 154, 161 
See Literary landmarks of Newark 
Coit, Dr. Henry L., and certified milk, 97 
Coles, Dr. Abraham, home of, on Market Street, 159 
College education, see Education 
College of New Jersey incorporated 1746, 155 
Combs, Samuel N., sketch of, 148 
Combustibles, Bureau of, see Bureau of Combustibles and 

Fire risks ; Fire Department 
Commerce in relation to the growth of cities, 17 
Consult Commercial geography. Adams 

Commercial geography. Gannett, Garrison & 

Houston 
General history of commerce. Webster 



Index. 171 

Geography of commerce and industry. Rocheleau 
Geography of New Jersey. Davis 
Industrial directory of New Jersey, 1909. Garri- 
son 
Year book. Board of Trade 
See also Interstate commerce commission; Transpor- 
tation 
Commercial advantages, 7 

Commission government, described, 109 ; Des Moines plan, 
109; Walsh act of 1911, 110 

ConsuU City government by commission. Woodrufif, 
edit07' 

Commission government in American cities. 

Bradford 
A decade of civic development. Zueblin 
Des Moines, Iowa, plan 
Dethronement of the city boss. Hamilton 
Loose leaf digest of short ballot charters. Beard, 

editor^ 
Selected articles on the commission plan. Robins, 

compile?- 
Library file 
Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, composition, etc., 

117 
Common Council, composition, powers and duties, 114; 
First, 108 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Nation and state. Philijjs. 
Newark Common Council Manual 
Young citizen. Dole. 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Communication of ideas, 86 

Community, definition, 51; Growth should be intelligently 
directed, 18 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Communitj^ and the citizen. Dunn 
Government of New Jersey. Knowlton 
See also Government 



172 Newark in the Public Schools. 



Compass points to be charted, 4 
Compulsory education, see Education, Compulsory 
Connecticut, First setters from, 9 
Conventions for nominating officers, 100 
Corporations, 86 

Cost of education, see Education, Cost of 
County jail, 72 

Court House described, 28; To be located, 6; Election 
won by Newark, 151 
Consult Library file 

Library picture collection 
Courts, Criminal, described, 121 ; District, described, 121 ; 
First criminal, 121 ; Second criminal, 121 

Consult Government of New Jersey. Knowlton 
Government of the United States. Moses 
History of Essex and Hudson counties, Shaw 
Nation and state. Philips 
New Jersey constitution 
New Jersey legislative manual 
Social service directory 
Uncle Sam's secrets. Austin 
United States constitution 
Young citizen. Dole 
Library file 
See also Criminals; District courts; Juvenile courts; 
Police courts 
Crane, Azariah, established "tan yard" 1698, 155 
Crane, Jasper, first president of the town court, 150; 
Sketch of, 129 

Consult History of Newark. Atkinson 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Crane, Stephen, born in Mulberry Place, 159 ; On staff of 

Daih^ Advertiser, 158 
Crime, prevention, regulation and punishment, 72 
Criminal courts, sec Courts 
Criminals 

Consult Annual reports. New Jersey State Charities 
Aid Association 



Index. 173 

Correction and prevention. Henderson 
Dependents, defectives and delinquents. Hen- 
derson 
Good citizenship. Kichman & Wallacli 
Government of New Jersey. Knowlton 
Juvenile offenders. Morrison 
New Jersey constitution 
Open letter to society from convict J-TTG 
. Pi'oceedings. American prison association 
Proceedings of Board of Freeholders of Essex 

County, N. J. 
School civics. Bojnton 
United States constitution 
Young citizen. Dole 
Young malefactor. Travis 
Newark leaflet 
See also Courts; Juvenile Courts; Reformatories 
Cripples, Care of, 72 

See also Defectives and Dependents 
Custom House, 101 

Consult World almanac, 1910, \). 97 
Library file 
Customs laws, Violation of, 72 
Cutlery manufacture, 23 
Daily Advertiser office, corner Market & Broad Streets, 

158 
Dairy farm, Model 

Consult Town and city. Jewett 
See also Milk ; Pure food 
Dangers to home life, 37 
Darlington, Dr., on noises, 62 
Day, George, Town Crier, 150 
Deaf, The, 72 
Defectives and dependents, 72 

Consult Annual message, Essex County Supervisor 
Annual reports, city of Newark 
Annual reports. State Charities Aid Association 

of New Jersey 
Auxiliary education. Maennel 



174 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Career of the child. Groszmann 
City government for young people. Willard 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Dependent, defective and delinquent classes. 

Henderson 
Education in the United States. Boone 
Education of defectives. Allen 

(In Butler. Education in the U. S., pp. 7G9- 
819) 
Importance of the early study and treatment of 
defectives in special public school classes. 
Fernald 
New Jersey legislative manual 
New Jersey Review of Charities and Correction 
Preventive treatment of neglected children. Hart 
Proceedings. National Association for the 
Study and Education of Exceptional Children 
Proceedings National Education Association 

1909, pp. 885-901 
Social service directory 
Welfare of children, a reading list. Brooklyn 

Public Library 
Library file 
See also Asylums ; Almshouses ; Incorrigibles ; Incur- 
able Dependents 
Dependents, see Defectives and dependents 
Department of Building, composition, etc., 117 
Depth of water lines explained, 8 

Des Moines plan of commission government, see Commis- 
sion government 
Destitution, care of cases, 71 
Consult Library file 
See also Charities 
Deutsche Zeitung established 1880, 158 
Diphtheria, 36 

Diphtheria antitoxin, see Epidemics 
Disinfection, 36 

See also Epidemics; Health, Public 
Dispensaries, 38 



Index. 175 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 

Social service directory 

Town and city. Jewett 

Newark leaflet, Hospitals 
District Courts, see Courts 
Divident Hill, poem by Elizabeth C. Kinney, 147 ; Site of, 

154 
Docks for ocean steamers on Newark bay, 21 

Consult Library picture collection 
Docks, see Newark Bay 
Doctors, sec Physicians 

Dodge, Mary INI apes, home on Elizabeth Avenue, 159 
Douglas, Amanda M., home on Summer Avenue, 161 
Drugs and medicines, labeled, 45 
Dry sweeping not sanitary, 39 

Duties of citizens, 37; with respect to the street, 93 
Dynamo, first in world, 23 
Eagle Eock Reservation to be located, 5 
Eagle Tavern, location, 154 

Early settlers, Monument to, in Fairmount Cemetery, 154 
East Side Park to be located, 5 
Education, 82 

See also Schools 
Education, Compulsory 

Consult American education. Draper 

Annual reports, city of Newark 

Education in the United States. Boone 

Government of New Jersey. Knowlton 

History of education. Seeley 

New Jersey school laws 
' School civics. Boynton 

U. S. Commissioner of Education. Report for 
1909, pp. 228-233 

Newark leaflet, Public school system 

Library file 
Education, Cost to state of 

Consult Community and citizen. Dunn 

Government of New Jersey. Knowlton 

New Jersev school laws 



176 Newark in the Public Schools. 

School funds and their apportionment. Cub- 

berley 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Education, Elementary, Secondary, Collegiate 

Consult Administration of public instruction. But- 
ton 

American education. Drainer 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Education in the United States. Boone 
History of education. Kemp 
Newark leaflet 
Education in New Jersey 

Consult Annual reports. New Jersey State Board of 
Education 

Geography of New Jersey. Woodley 
Government of New Jersej^ Knowlton 
History of education in New Jersey. Murray 

New Jersey. Whitbeck 

New Jerse^y constitution 

New Jersey legislative manual 

New Jersey school laws 

School civics. Boynton 

School scrap book 

Library file 
See also Schools; Board of Education 
Educational facilities, 24 , 

Consult Social service directory 
Educational institutions, 25 
Elections, 100 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 

Government and the citizen. Ashley 

Laws of 1911 (Geran bill) 

Nation and state. Philips 

Our government. James & Sanford 
See also Sufi'rage 
Electric car, first in Newark 1890, 158 
Electric railroads, 86 
Elementary education, see Education, Elementary 



Index. 177 

Emigration, see Iiiiiiiigration 
Endorsed charities 

Consult Social service directory 
English, Thomas Dunn, editor of Morning Register, 158; 

home on State Street, 160 
Epidemics, ^7 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Good citizenship. Richman & Wallach 
Human physiology. Ritchie 
Primer of sanitation. Ritchie 
Town and city. Jewett 
See also Health, Public 
Erie railroad to be located, 5 
Essex County, New Jersey 

Consult Annual message, Essex County Supervisor 
Essex County, N. J. Leary 
History of Essex and Hudson Counties. Shaw 
Northern New Jersey as a part of the Port of 

New York 
Proceedings of the Board of Freeholders of Essex 

County, 1908-1909 
Library file 
Essex County boulevard system, see Boulevard system of 

Essex County 
Essex County Park Commission, Work done by, see Park 

System of Essex County 
Essex County Park Commission playgrounds, see Play- 
grounds, Park 
Evening Drawing School to be located, G 
Evening High schools to be located, 6 
Evening News established 1883, 158 
Excise, 101 
Excise Board, composition, etc., 117 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 
See also Liquor traffic 
Excise laws, violation, 72 

Executive department of the city government; see Gov- 
ernment, City 
Executive division of government, 100 



178 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Expectoration, 37 

Consult Good citizenshij). Eichman & Wallach 

Town and city. Jewett 
See also Health, Public ; Tuberculosis 
Explosives, Sale of, 51 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 
Handling of dangerous goods. Phillips 
Newark leaflet 
Eye and Ear Intiruiary, '27 
Factories 

Consult Industrial directory of New Jersey. Garri- 
son. 

Laws of New Jersey. 1904 
Newark ; a symposium 
Yearbook, Board of Trade 
Newark leaflet, Industries of Newark 
Library file 
Falconer, Patrick, merchant and lay preacher, 1.51 
Family as a social group, 52 

See al^o (lovernment, Home 
Fauna 

Consult American animals. Stone & Cram 

Birds of New Jersey. N. J. State Museum 
Birds of New Jersey. Shriner 
Fresh and salt water fish. N. J. State Museum 
Guide to the birds of New Jersey. BoAvdish & 

Eeed 
Insects of New Jersey. Smith 
Library file 
Federal courts, see Courts 

Federal government, see Government, National 
Fees, see License fees 
Fences, Study of, 100 
Fire alarm telegraph system, 53 
Fire Commission, composition, etc., IIG 
Fire, Danger from, see Fire department 
Fire department 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 
Careers of daring and danger. Mofl'ett 



Index. 179 

Fighting: a fire. Hill 

Good citizenship. Richman & Wallach 

Short history of Newark. Urqiihart 

Town and city. Jewett 

Newark leaflets 

Library file 
Fire escapes and tenement houses, 51 
Fire houses to be located, 6 
Fire insurance 

Consult New Tnternatioiial encyclopedia 

Library file 
Fire limits, 52 

Firemen's Insurance Building described, 29 
First Church the real governing body for years, 9 ; Site of, 
154 

See also First Presbyterian Church 
First Criminal Court, 121 
First grist mill, see Swaine, Samuel 

First Presbyterian Church, opened 1791, 151: To be lo- 
cated, G 

See also First Church 
First settlers monument unveiled 1889, 158 
First town clerk, see Treat, Capt. Ilobert 
Fishes, see Fauna 

Flaming arc lamps on Broad Street, 26 
Flat wheels on trolley cars, 85 
Flora 

Consult How to know the wild flowers. Parsons 
Nature's garden. Doubleday 

See also Trees 
Food from various parts of the globe, ; Inspection, 36, 
43 

See also Pure food 
Foreign population, 18 

Consult Social service directory 
Library file 
Forest Hill to be located, 5 
Four Corners to be located, 5 
Fourth of July, see Sane Fourth of July 



ISO Newark in the Public Schools. 

Franchises, 86, 92 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Our government. James & Sanford 
Free Public Library, see Library, Free Public 
Freeholders of Essex County, see Essex County, New Jer- 
sey 
Freeman's Oath, 1634, 36 

Freight trans-shipment in New York harbor, 20 
Front yards in the neighborhood, 57 
Fumigation, 36 

See also Health, Public ; Epidemics 
Games played at city playgrounds, 42 
Garbage disposal, 36; In other cities, 37 

See also Waste, Disposal of 
Geography of Newark, 3 

Consult Dodge's Geography of New Jersey. Woodley 
Excursions and lessons in home geography. 

McMurry 
Geography of New Jersey. Davis 
New Jersey. Whitbeck 
Northern New Jersey as a part of the port of 

New York 
Third American city. Bradford 
Year book. Newark Board of Trade 
Library file 
See also Literary Landmarks ; Passaic Eiver ; Maps 
Geography of Northern New Jersey, 17 

See also references under Geography of Newark 
Geological survey map, see Maps 
Geology 

Consult Geography of New Jersey. Davis 
Geography of New Jersey. Woodley 
Geological story. Dana 
Geology of New Jersey. Cook 
Glacial geology of New Jersey. Salisbury 
New Jersey. Whitbeck 
Library file 
Science Museum in Library 



Index. 181 

Geran bill, see Elections 
German Hospital to be located, 6 
German settlers began to come, 1830, 157 
Gilder, Jeanette, home in Brunswick Street, 159 
Gilder, Richard Watson, editor of Morning Register, 158 ; 

Home in Brunswick Street, 159 
Gilder family, connected with Daily Advertiser, 158 
Gilman, Frank G., leaflet on ^'The Street and the Life of 

the City," 89 
"Good Citizen Says," 50 

Government discussed, 53; Functions of, 14; Functions 
in protecting health of citizens, 37; Functions with 
respect to hygiene and sanitation, 43 ; How expenses 
are met, 101 ; Powers, state and federal, 100 
Government, Ciij of Newark, 30; Executive department, 
118; History and description, 105; Organized 1836, 108 
Consult American city 

American commonwealth. Bryce 

Annual reports, city of Newark 

City government for j^oung people. Willard 

City government in the United States. Goodnow 

City problems. Wilcox 

Civil government in the United States. Fiske 

Essentials in civil government. Forman 

Government and the citizen. Ashley 

Great cities in America, their problems and their 

government. Wilcox 
How the people rule. Hoxie 
Municipal administration. Fairlie 
Municipal civics; books in the library', Newark, 

N. J. Free public library 
Newark charter studies. Rankin 
Newark Common Council manual 
Our government. James & Sanford 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
See also Mayor; Common Council; Names of city de- 
partments 
Government, Home 



182 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Consult Community and the citizen. Dunn 

Essentials in civil government. Forman 

Morals and manners. Shearer, p. 209 
Government, National 

Consult American commonwealth. Bryce 

Civil government in the United States. Fiske 

Essentials in civil government. Forman 

Government and the citizen. Ashley 

Government of the United States. Moses 

How the people rule. Hoxie 

Nation and state. Philips 

Our government. James & Sanford 

School civics. Boynton 

Uncle Sam's secrets. Austin 

United States constitution 

World almanac, latest volume 

Young citizen. Dole 
Government, State 

Consult American commonwealth. Bryce 

Civil government in the United States. Fiske 

Community and the citizen. Dunn 

Essentials in civil government. Forman 

Government of New Jersey. Knowlton 

How the people rule. Hoxie 

Nation and state. Philips. N. J. Edition 

New Jersey. Whitbeck 

New Jersey constitution 

New Jersey legislative manual 

School civics. Boynton 

Library file 
Government, Village 

Consult Community and the citizen. Dunn 

How the people rule. Hoxie 
Government of England 

Consult American constitution. Stimson 

British city, l^owe 

Government of England. Lowell 

Select documents of English constitutional his- 
tory. Adams & Stephens 



Index. 183 

Governor, see Ooveinnieut, State 
Grade crossings, see Kailroads 
Graphs explained, 4 

Greater Newark, 7; As a part of the I'ort of New York, 
17; Described, 24 
Consult Library tile 
See also Geographj^ of Newark 
Grist mill, see Swaine, Samuel 
Harbors, 80; factor in settlement of Newark, 11; neces- 

sar}- for sea trade, 12 
Harland, ^farian, home on High Street, 159 
Harttord, Conn., Club for street cleaning, 39 
Hatting trade established by William Rankin, 1810, 15G 
Health board, sec Board of Health 
Health Board physicians, sec Physicians, City 
Health, Public, 20, 27, 37, 41, 43 ' 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 
Civics and health. Allen 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Conservation by sanitation. Richards 
Cost of cleanness. Richards 
Euthenics. Richards 
Good citizenship. Richman & Wallach 
Good health. Jewett 
Guide to sanitary inspections. Gerhard 
Health of the city. Godfrey 
Human physiology. Ritchie 
Manual of hygiene and sanitation. Egbert 
Medical inspection of schools. Gulick & Ayres 
Primer of sanitation. Ritchie 
Proceedings. Conference of mayors and other 

officials 
Report on national vitality. Fisher 
Town and cily. Jewett 
Woman's i)arl in government. Allen 
Year book. Newark Board of Trade 
Sec also Epidemics; Hospitals; Hygiene and sanita 
tion ; School hygiene. 
Hebrew hos])itals to be located, 



184 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Hens, see Poultry 

Herbert, Henry William, home on the Gully road, 161 

High Schools, see Schools to be located 

High service hydrants, 52 

"Hill," to be located, 3, 5 

Hinckley, Dr. L. S. On the care of the insane in Essex 

County, 73 
Hinsdale, Epaphras, manufactured jewelry, 1801, 15G 
Historic places in and near Newark, 153 
Consult History of Newark. Atkinson 

Short history of Newark. Urquhart 

Newark leaflet 

Library file 

Library picture collection 
Historical Library to be located, 6 
History of Newark, 9 ; Leading events to 1900, 155 
Consult Growth of Newark. Doremus 

Harper's Magazine, v. 53, p. 660 

Historical sketch of Newark. Gordon 

History of Essex and Hudson Counties. Shaw 

History of Newark. Atkinson 

Short history of Newark. Urquhart 

Library file 
Holiday noises, see Noises 
Home, The, see Government, Home 
Homeless, Provision for 

Consult Social service directory 
Hospitals, 27, 38 ; To be located, 6 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 

Community and the citizen. Dunn 

Social service directory 

Town and city. Jewett 

Newark leaflet. Hospitals of Newark 

Library file 
See also Isolation hospital 
Howard Savings Bank building completed, 1899, 158 
Hydrants, see Low service hydrants 
Hygiene, Teaching of, 36 
Hygiene and sanitation. State regulation 



Index. 185 

Consult Government and the citizen. Ashley 
Library picture collection 
New Jersey constitution 

Public health laws. New Jersey State Board of 
Health 
See also Health, Public 
Immigration, Causes, 152; Character of immigrants, 152 
Consult American commonwealth. (1910 edition) 
Bryce 

Annual report, U. S. Immigration Commission 
Chinese immigration. Coolidge 
Community and the citizen. Dunn. 
Conclusions and recommendations. U. S. Immi- 

gation Commission 
Immigration and its effects upon the United 

States. Hall 
Immigration laws and regulations. U. S. Laws, 

statutes, etc. 
Immigration problem, a bibliography. Ray 
Information for immigrants concerning the 
United States, etc. National Society of the 
Sons of the American Revolution 
Latest phase of immigration. Bryce. (In his 
American commonwealth. 1910. v. 2, pp. 
468-90) 
Messages for new comers, North American Civic 

League for Immigrants 
On the trail of the immigrant. Steiner 
Races and immigrants in America. Commons 
World almanac, 1910, p. 138 
Library file 

Library picture collection 
Sec also Quarantine 
Incorporation of the city 1836, 105 
Incorrigibles, 72 
Incurable, Care of the, 72 

See also Defectives and dependents 
Indians, Lands purchased from, 10 
Industrial Exhibition open in 1872, 158 



186 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Industries 

Consult Geography of commerce and industry. 
Rocheleau 

Geographj^ of New Jersey'. Davis 
Geography of New Jersey. Woodley 
Great American industries. Rocheleau 
Industrial directory of New Jersey. Garrison 
New Jersey. Whitbeck 
Trade catalogs at Business Branch 
Year book of Board of Trade 
Library file 
Sec also Factories; Manufactures; Occupations 
Industries of Newark, 23 

Consult Annual reports. New Jersey Bureau of sta- 
tistics 

500 things made in Newark 
Trade catalogs at Business Branch 
Newark leaflet 
Infant mortality and the milk supply, 91 
Consult Clean milk. Coit 

Milk and its relation to public health. U. S. 

Hygienic laboratory 
Pure milk and public health. Ward 
Library file 
See also Milk 
Insane, Care of the, 72-77 

Consult Annual message of County Supervisor, Es- 
sex County, 1909 

Proceedings, Board of Freeholders, Essex County 
See also Defectives and dependents; Asylums; Hos- 
pitals 
Insane of Essex County, Care of, leaflet by Dr. L. S. 

Hinckley, 73 
Insects, see Fauna 

Inspection of meat in packing houses, see Pure food 
Insurance, see Fire insurance 
Interstate Commerce Commission 

Consult American constitution. Stimson 
Annual reports of the Commission 



Index. 187 

Our government. James & Sanford 
AVoild almanac, 1910, p. 118 
Interurban electric railways, sec Trolleys 
Iron, see Malleable iron 
Ironboiuid District to be located, 5 
Iron foundry, First, 1910, 150 
Irving, Peter, at Cockloft Hall, 101 
Irving, Washington, at Cockloft Hall, 154, 101 
Isolation hospital at Belleville, 27; To be located, 
Jail, Essex county, to be located, 

Consult Proceedings, Board of Freeholders, Essex 
County 

Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Sec also Criminals 
Jamesburg, State Home for Boys, see New Jersey State 
Home for Boys 

Jewelry, manufacture, 23; manufactured by Epaphras 

Hinsdale, 1801, 150 
Johnson, Thomas, Constable, 150 
Judicial division of the government, 100 
Juvenile courts, 72, 77 

Consult Juvenile court as a social institution. Flex- 
ner. I7i Survey Feb. 5, 1910 

Juvenile court laws in the U. S. Hart, editor 
Juvenile courts. Hornbeck 

Proceedings of the Board of Freeholders of Es- 
sex Count}^ 
Social service directory 
Library file 

Library jticture collection 
Juvenile leagues in the schools, 50 
Juvenile street cleaning leagues 

Consult Town and city. Jewett 

Library file 
See also Street cleaning 
Kearny Castle, location in Kearny, 154 
Kearny Homestead, site on Belleville Avenue, 154 
Kemble, Gouverneur, at Cockloft Hall, 101 



188 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Kenny, Edward, leaflet, ''What Taxes Do," 102 
Kill von Kull a part of the port of New York, 21 
Kinney, Elizabeth Clemantine, Sketch of, 145; residence 
at Park House, 160 

Consult History of Newark. Atkinson 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Koch, Dr., and tubercle bacilli, see Tuberculosis 
Labor of women and children, 43, 46 

Consult Child labor policy of New Jersey. Field 
Child labor, summary of laws ; 1910. Scott 
Handbook of child labor legislation, 1908 
Living wage of women workers. Bosworth 
List of books, etc., relating to child labor. Li- 
brary of Congress 
Making both ends meet, income and outlay of 

N. Y. working girls. Clark & Wyatt 
Operation of new child labor law in New Jer- 
sey. Fox 
Proceedings. National child labor committee 
Report of United States Commission of Educa- 
tion, 1909, pp. 228-233 
Report on condition of woman and child wage- 
earners. U. S. Bureau of Labor. (5 vols, out 
in 1910) 
Right to childhood. Kelley. (In her Some ethi- 
cal gains, pp. 1-104) 
Selected articles on child labor. Bullock, comp. 
Woman and child labor laws ; Factory inspection 

laws. U. S. Bureau of labor 
Women in industry. Abbott 
Women in industry (10 hour law). Brandeis & 

Goldmark 
Library file 

See also Factories 
Lackawanna railroad to be located, 5 
Lacquer manufacture, 23 
Lafayette at Boudinot House, 153 
Lamps, see Oil lamps 



Index. 189 

LaAv-breakers considered, 52 
Law officers of the citj, 121 

See also Sheriff 
Laws 

Consult Social service directory 
See also Postal laws 
Molation of laws 
Leading events in the history of Newark, see History of 

NcAvark 
Leagues in the schools, see Juvenile leagues 
Leather, Patent, first made in Newark, 23 
Legislative division of government, 100 

See also Government 
Lehigh Valley railroad to be located, 5 
Libraries 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Finger posts to children's reading. Field 
Libraries and schools. Green 
Library methods for school teachers. Salisbury 
Library primer. Dana 
New Jersey legislative manual 
What the public libraries are doing for children. 

Baker 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 

Library picture collection 
Library, Free Public, 86; Building described, 28; Incor- 
porated 1888, opened 1889, 158 ; To be located, 6 ; Trus- 
tees, terms, etc., 117; Place in the educational life of the 
city, 28; Unofficial part of school system, 85; Work of, 
25 

Consult Modern American library economy series 

Eeport of Free Public Library 
See also Newark Library Association 
License fees, 101 

Life, Loss of on Fourth of July, G5 ; Protection of, 51 
Lighting of streets, see Streets 
Lincoln Park to be located, 5 
Lindsay, Judge B. B., and the probation system, 78 



190 Newark in the Public Schools. 

See also Probation 
Liquor traffic regulation 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Government and the citizen. Ashley 
Liquor problems. Billings and others, pp. 43-78 
Newark city ordinances 
World almanac, 1910, pp. 335-338 
See also Excise Commission 
Liquors, Illegal sale of, 100 
Literary landmarks of Newark, 158 

Consult Harper's magazine, October, 1876 
Literarj^ pilgrimages. Wolfe 
Newark, a symposium 
Short histor}' of Newark. Urquhart 
Library file 

Library picture collection 
Littering streets, see Street cleaning 
Location of places about Newark, 7 
Location of points by distance from other points, 5 
Locomotive, First to travel up a grade, 23 
Lords Proprietors of Nova Caesarea or New Jersey, con- 
cessions and agreement. 1064, 155 
Low service hydrants, 52 
Lyon, Henry, first tavern keeper, 150 
M'Whorter, Eev. Alexander, Sketch of, 137 
Consult History of Newark. Atkinson 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Malleable iron, first made in America in Newark, 23 
Manchester ship canal, 12 

Manufactures in 1905, 26; Rank of Newark in manufac- 
tures, 23 
Manufacturing sites at the meadow terminals, 22 
Map reading, 3; To be taught, 6 
Map study, 4 ; New Jersey map study, 6 ; Symbols to be 

studied, 4 
Maps, Geological survey, 6; Newark and vicinity map, 7 
Consult Newark, outline map 

Newark, street map showing location of car 



Index. 191 

lines, schools, libraries 
^'eAvark, street map showing ward boundaries 
Newark in Ifififi 

New York City and vicinity, Bird's eye view 
showing transportation routes. In Northern 
New Jersey as a part of the port of New York 
New York city and vicinity. Geologic map 
New York city and vicinity, Topographic map 
Northern New Jersey, maps showing forests 
Northern New Jersey, map showing sources of 

Newark's water supph* 
New Jersey relief maj) 
New Jersey, map showing forest area 
New Jersey, map showing water sheds 
Library picture collection 
Mapes, Prof., home on Elizabeth Avenue, 15U 
Market place. Site of, 154 
Market to be located, G 
Mayor of the city, term, duties, powers, etc., 118 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Newark city ordinances 
School civics. Boynton 
Young citizen. Dole. 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
8ee also Government, City 
Meadow reclamation, IS, 21; Act of 1891), 158 

Consult Library picture collection 
Meadows, Plank road over, 22; Turnpike road over, 22; 
Warehouses at terminals, 22 ; To be located, 5 
.See also Newark Bay 
Measures, Short, 100 

See also Weights, Short 
Meat inspection, 43 

See alfio Pure food 
Medical inspection of schools, 27, 38 

See also Health, Public ; School hygiene 
Meridian location, 3 
Metal novelties manufactured, 23 



192 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Metropolitan district, 7 ; In New Jersey, 17 ; Should be de- 
veloped as a unit, 19 

Consult Geography of New Jersey. Woodley 
Milfordites land in Newark, 1666, 155 
Military Park to be located, 5 ; Training ground now Mil- 
itary Park, 154 
Militia 

Consult Community and the citizen. Dunn 
New Jersey constitution 
School civics. Boynton 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Milk, Bacterial standard for, 98; Bottled, 99; Certified, 
97 ; Code of New York city, 99 ; Conditions of sale, 51 ; 
Inspection, 36, 37; Protection from germs, 85 

Consult Annual reports. Newark Board of Health 
Milk and its relation to the public health. U. S. 

hygiene laboratory 
Library file 
See also Pure food 
Milwaukee, Wis., and city planning, 58 
Moore, Tom, guest at Ogden homestead, 160 
"Moral epidemic," 1795, 156 
Morning Register office, 158 
Morris Canal completed 1832, 157; Location, 4, 5 

Consult History of Essex and Hudson counties. Shaw 
Morris canal abandonment. McCarter 
The Newarker, February, 1912 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Mosquitoes and disease, 49 

Consult House mosquito. Smith 
Human physiology. Ritchie 
Mosquito nuisance. Underwood 
Mosquitoes. Smith 
Remedies and preventives against mosquitoes. 

Howard 
Town and city. Jewett 
Library file 



Index. 193 

Mullin, Michael J., author of biographical sketches of men 

and women of Newark, 125 
Municipal art, 57 

Consult Bill board nuisance. Woodruff. 

City government for young people. Willard 
Civic art. Mawson 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Improvement of towns and cities. Kobinson 
Modern civic art. Kobinson 
Eemoval of overhead wires. Ford 
Young citizen. Dole 
Library picture collection 
Library file 
See also City planning ; Parks ; Street signs 
Municipal sanitation, see Health, Public 
Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Co. organized 1845, 157; 

Building described, 29 
Narcotics, see Stimulants and narcotics 
Nation, see Government, National 
Nationalities in Newark, see Foreign population 
Naturalization, 101 

Consult Civic reader for new Americans. Von Hise 
Community and the citizen, Dunn 
Government and the citizen. Ashley 
Nation and state. Philips 
School civics. Boynton 
World almanac. Latest 
See also Government; Immigration; Suffrage 
Neighboring towns see Geography of Newark ; Geography 

of Northern New Jersey 
New Jersey Freie Zeitung established 1858, 157 
New Jersey map study see Map study 
New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company 

opened, 1834, 157 
New Jerse3' State Home for Boys at Jamesburg, 72 

Consult New Jersey legislative manual 
New York City, advantages in transportation, 11; Noises, 
62; Port of, 17; Clean city league, 40; Street cleaning, 
40; Street cleaning, 40; Water fronts, 20 



194 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Newark and vicinity see maps 

Newark, a type of the manufacturing and commercial city, 
9-17; Part of New York city and metropolitan district, 
9; Bank in population and manufactures, 23; Special 
advantages for residence and trade, 9, 23 
Newark study, with special reference to situation and ad- 
vantages for commerce and industry, 6 
Newark Academy founded 1775, 156 

Newark Banking and Insurance Co. established 1804, 156 
Newark Bay to be located, 5 ; As trailroad terminal, 21 ; 
Part of port of New York, 21 

Consult Northern New Jersey the port of Greater 
New York 

Report of the Advisory Dock and Meadow 

Reclamation Commission 
Third American city. Bradford 
Year book. Newark Board of Trade 
Library file 
Newark City Plan Commission organized, 60; pamphlet, 
60 

See also City plan commission act of New Jersey; 
City planning 
Newark Daily Advertiser first issued 1832, 157 
Newark Gas Light Co. began gas manufacture 1846, 157 
Newark Library Association incorporated 1846, 157 
Newspapers see Sunday Call, Deutsche Zeitung, New Jer- 
sey Freie Zeitung, Newark Daily Advertiser 
Noise ordinance, 43, 45 

Noises, New York city, 62; Holiday, 65; Unnecessary, 
62, 85 

Consult Newark city ordinances 
Nominations, 100 

See also Elections 
Normal School to be located, 6 
North Ward and the Upper Common, 106 
Nova Caesarea see Lords Proprietors 
Occupations 

Consult Newark leaflet 
Library file 



Index. 195 

See also Industries; Manufactures 
Ogden, Col., saved his wheat on Sunday, 1733, 155 
Ogdeu, Henry, at Cockloft Hall, IGl 
Ogden family homestead, 154, IGO 
Oil lamps used to light streets 1S36, 157 
Open air schools, see School hygiene 
Ordinances, First city, 108; How passed, 115; Violation 
of, 53 

Sec also (lovernment, City 
Overbrook, Insane asylum at, 74-77; To be located, 6 
Paint manufacture, 23 

Palmer, Ray, home on Mount Pleasant Avenue, 161 
Panama Canal, advantages, 12 

Consult Panama. Lindsay 

Panama and the canal. Hall & Chester 

World almanac 

Map of Panama canal zone 

Library file 
Panama Canal zone sanitation, 43 
Paper in the streets, see Streets 
Park House, Site of, 154 
Park playgrounds, see Playgrounds, Park 
Park View to be located, 5 
Park system of Essex County, 5, 19, 25, 40 

Consult Annual reports. Essex County Park Com- 
mission 

Parks, 57, 68; In relation to health, 38, 40, 68; In relation 
to fires, 68 ; To be located, 5, 40 

See also Branch Brook Park ; Lincoln Park ; Military 
Park; Weequahic Park; West Side Park 
Parks and boulevards 

Consult Annual reports of Essex County Park Com- 
mission 

Annual reports of Shade Tree Commission 
City government for young people. Willard 
Civic reader for new Americans 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
First county park system. Kelsey 



196 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Improvement of towns and cities. Robinson, pp. 

152-171 
Modern civic art. Robinson, pp. 307-354 
Newark Common Council Manual 
Park reports in pamphlet cases in Lending dep't 
Town and city. Jewett 
NcAvark leaflet 
Library file 

Library picture collection 
See also Boulevard system of Essex County; City 
planning; Municipal art 
Parks and shade tree work, 68 

Parsonage property, quarrel over ownership, 1760, 155 
Passaic river condition, 11 ; Direction, 3 ; To be located, 5 
Consult Excursions and lessons in home geography, 
McMurry 
History of Essex and Hudson Counties. Shaw 
New Jersey. Whitbeck 
Passaic valley. Whitehead 
Short history of Newark. Urquhart 
Year book. Board of Trade 
Library file 
Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission, 19 
Patent leather, see Leather, Patent 

Patriotism considered, 35; Means service to the city, 36 
Paulding, James K., at Cockloft Hall, 154, 161 
Pavements, Condition of, 93; For clean streets, 39; Of 
stone laid in Market and Broad Streets, 1852 and 1853, 
157; Study of, 100 
See also Streets 
Pawn shops, Regulation 

Consult Newark leaflet 
Peddie, Thomas B., manufactured trunks, 1837, 157 
Peddle Street Canal to be located, 5 
Penitentiaries 

Consult Dependents, defectives and delinquents. Hen- 
derson 

History of Essex and Hudson Counties. Shaw 



Index. 197 

New Jersey Review of Charities and Correction, 

V. 5, p. 161, 199 
Proceedings of Board of Freeholders, Essex 

County 
Reports, N. J. State Charities Aid and Prison 
Reform 
See also Criminals 
Pennington, Ephraim, Viewer of Fences, 150 
Pennsylvania railroad to be located, 3 
Physicians, City, 38 

Consult Social service directory 
See also Health, Public 
Physiology, Teaching of, 36 

Consult Library picture collection 
Picture collecting, 4 

Pictures loaned by the Free Public Library, 4 
Pierson, Rev. Abraham, Jr., Sketch of, 126 
Consult History of Newark. Atkinson 
Short history of Newark. Urquhart 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Pittsburgh, Penn., and its buildings, 58 
Place locating about Newark, see Location of places about 

Newark 
Plank road over the meadows, 22 

Playground Commission, 43 ; Composition, etc., 116 ; Play- 
grounds, 41 
Playgrounds in relation to health, 38; Three systems of, 

41 ; To be located, 6 
Playgrounds, Park, 42 

Consult Library picture collection 
Playgrounds, School, 41-42; Games played at, 42; Study 

of, 100 
Playgrounds of Newark, extract from leaflet by Randall 
D. Warden, 41 

Consult American i)laygr()unds. Mere 
Annual reports, city of Newark 
Charities and The Commons. Play number, Aug. 
3, 1907 



198 Newark in the Public Schools. 

City government for young people. Willard 
Civic reader for new Americans 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Constructive and preventive philanthropy. Lee 
Games for the plaj'ground. Bancroft 
Playground magazine 
Town and city. Jewett 
School scrap book 
Librar}^ file 
Pledge of allegiance to the city, 50 
Plumbing, Sanitary, .3G 
Plume homestead, Location, 154 
Poles and wires 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Overhead wires. Ford 
Newark leaflet 
See also Municipal art 
Police Commission, composition, etc., IIG 
Police courts described, 121 
Police department 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 

City government for young people. Willard 
Good citizenship. Eichman & Wallach 
Government and the citizen. Ashley 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Police stations to be located, 6 
Pollution of streams, 43 

Consult New Jersey statutes 

Library file 
See also Passaic river 
Poor, Care of the, 72 

Consult Social service directory 
See also Relief agencies 
Poor and Alms Committee 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 

Newark Common Council Manual 
See also Alms houses 
Poor House to be located, G 



Index. 199 

Population, character and variety, 18, 24 ; Comparisons, 5 ; 
Newark's rank in, 23 

Consult Newark Common Council Manual 
Social service directory 
Year book. Board of Trade 
Library lile 
Port of New York, Greater Newark as a part, 17 
Post office, 86; Present building occupied 1896, 158; To be- 
located, 6 

See also Public buildings 
Postal laws, violation, 72 
Postal system 

Consult American inventions and inventors. Mowry 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
School civics. Boynton 
Uncle Sam's secrets. Austin 
World almanac 
Library file 
Poultry keeping code of Board of Health, 45 
President, The, see Government, National 
Primaries, 100 

See also Elections 
Privileges of citizens see Citizenship 
Probation system for juvenile delinquents, 78 
Consult Annual reports, Probation officer 
Social service directory 
Library file 
See also Juvenile courts 
Property, Protection of, 51 ; Taxation, 101 
Protection of life and property, see Life; Property 
Prudential Insurance Company founded 1875, 158 ; Build- 
ing erected, 158 ; Building described, 29 
Public buildings, 28; Arrangement, 58 

Consult Newark's artistic shortcomings 
The truth about Newark. Leary 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 

Library picture collection 
See also Municipal art; City planning 



200 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Public health, see Health 
Public Library, see Library, Free Public 
Public schools, see School system 
Public Service Corporation, 19 

See also Trolleys 
Punitive and reformatory agencies. 
Consult Social service directory 
Pure food, 85 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Civics and health. Allen 
Food and drug act. Greeley 
Good citizenship. Richman & Wallach 
Human physiology. Eitchie 
Newark city ordinances 
Pure foods. Ohlsen 
Town and city. Jewett 
World almanac, 1908, 1910 
Library file 

Library picture collection 
Pure food law, 44, 45 
Puritan stock of early settlers, 10 

Quarantine, 43 ; In contagious disease cases, 49 ; National 
46 ; Of houses, 37 

Consult Good ctizenship. Richman & Wallach 

Manual of hygiene and sanitation. Egbert, pp. 

362-381 
Library file 
See also Epidemics; Immigration; Health, Public 
Rahway reformatory, 72 

See also Reformatories 
Railroad centers to be listed, 14 
Railroad crossings, see Railroads 
Railroad terminals on Newark bay proposed, 21, 22 
Railroads cause spread of population and development of 
sections, 13 ; Functions of, 13 ; History of, 13 ; Of North- 
ern New Jersey, 89; Passing through Newark. 14; To 
be located, 5. 

Consult American commonwealth. Bryce 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 



Index. 201 

History of Essex and Hudson Counties. Shaw 

Poor's Manual of railroads 

School civics. Boynton 

Short history of Newark. Urquhart 

Story of rapid transit. Willson 

Town and city. Jewett 

World almanac, 1910, pp. 279-300 

Newark leaflet 

Library file 
See also Electric railroads; Erie railroad; Lackawan- 
na railroad; Lehigh Valley railroad; Pennsylvania 
railroad 
Kailroads, Government control, 86 

Consult Briefs for debate. Brookings & Ringwalt 

Briefs on public questions. Ringwalt 

City government for young people. Willard 

Community and the citizen. Dunn 

Library file 

Railways, see Railroads 

Rankin, William, established hatting trade 1810, 15G 
Reed, Dr., Surgeon of U. S. Army in Cuba, and the pro- 
pagation of yellow fever by mosquitoes, 49 
Reform school, see New Jersey State Home for Boys 
Reformatories, 72 

Consult Annual reports. State Charities Aid and 
Prison Reform Association of New Jersey 
New Jersey legislative manual 
New Jersey Review of charities and correction 
Library file 
Sec also Criminals; Rahway Reformatory 
Refuse in the streets, 82 
Relief agencies, 71 

Consult Social Service directory 
Religious agencies 

Consult Social Service directory 
Representatives, House of, see Government, National 
Reservoirs to be located, 5 
Revenues, 101 
Revenues of Newark, 101 



202 Newark in the Public Schools. 



Revenues of New Jersey, 101 

Consult New Jersey constitution 

School civics. Boynton 
See also Taxation 
Revenues of the federal government 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Government of the United States. Moses 
Our government. James & Sanford 
World almanac 
See also Taxation 
Rights of citizens, see Citizenship 
River banks desirable for settlement, 10 
Rivers, 86; Advantageous for growth of cities, 12 

See also Passaic River 
Road building in New Jersey, 86 

Consult Public roads of New Jersey. U. S. Dept. of 
Agriculture 

Report of New Jersey Commissioner of Public 

Roads 
Library file 
Roberts, Hugh, pioneer tanner, 151 
Rockwell, John, Public Boat Keeper, 151 
Rosenau, Dr., on milk bacteria, 98 
Roseville to be located, 5 
Route to New York established 1765, 156 
Rubbish disposal, 36 

See also Waste, Disposal of 
St. Barnabas Hospital to be located, 6 
St. James Hospital to be located, 6 
St. John's Catholic church erected 1824, 156 
St. Louis, laws against unnecessary noises, 62 
St. Michael's Hospital to be located, 6 
San Francisco Merchants' Association and street clean- 
ing, 40 
Sane Fourth of July, 51, 65, 66 

Consult Our barbarous Fourth. Rice 

Safe and sane patriotic Fourth of July 
Library file 



Index. 203 

Sanitariums for tuberculosis, see Tuberculosis 
Sanitary code of the Board of Health, see Board of Health 
Sanitary i>lumbing, sec Health, Public; Plumbing, Sani- 
tary; School hygiene 
Sanitation, Municipal, see Health, Public 
Sanitation in the school, see School hygiene 
Scale reading of maps to be taught, 5 
School age and attendance, 84 

Consult Annual reports. Board of Education 

School laws of Kew Jersey 
See also Compulsory eduction 
School buildings, number 85; Study of, 100; Gardens and 
yards 

Consult Children's gardens. Miller 

How to make school gardens. Hemenway 
Public school, its neighborhood use. Simkovitch 

(Commons, Sept., 1904) 
Rochester social centers and civic clubs 
School beautiful. Barnett 
School garden. Corbett 
School hygiene. Shaw 
School sanitation and decoration. Burrage & 

Bailey 
Wider use of the school plant. Perry 
School scrap book 
Library file 
School enrollment, 85 
School estimate. Board of, see Board of School Estimate ; 

Education, Cost of. 
School funds, sources, 82, 84, 101 

See also Schools, cost of 
School hygiene 

Consult Civics and health. Allen 
Good health. Jewett 
Guide to sanitary inspections. Gerhard 
Hygiene of the school. Crawley 
Hygiene of the school room. Barry 
Manual of hygiene and sanitation. Egbert 
Medical inspection of schools. Gulick & Ayres 



204 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Open air. Watt 
Open air schools. Ayers 
Open air crusaders. Kingsley, editor 
School hygiene. Shaw 

School sanitation and decoration. Burrage & 
Bailey 
See also Medical inspection of schools 
School location, 3 
School sanitation, 38 

School system, 24, 83; Established 1836, 157; Eegards of 
citizens for, 10 

Consult Social service directory 
Library picture collection 
Schools, Cost of, 82; Grades described, 85; First move- 
ment for free, 1813, 156 ; To be located, 6 
Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 

Annual reports, Newark Board of Education 
Government and the citizen. Ashley 
Government of New Jersey. Knowlton 
History of Essex and Hudson counties. Shaw 
Hygiene of the school room. Barry 
Medical inspection of schools. Gulick & Ayres 
Nation and state. Philips 
New Jersey school laws 
Newark Academy reports 
Newark Technical School reports 
School civics. Boynton 
Short history of Newark. Urquhart 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 

Library picture collection 
School scrap book 
See also Normal School ; Ungraded schools 
Seaports to be compared, 13 
Second Criminal court see Courts 
Second river to be located, 5 

Secondary education, see Education, Elementary, Second- 
ary, Collegiate 
Senate, see Government, National 



Index. 205 

Sergeant, Wolf and Bear Killer, 151 

Settlement in 16GG-9 by emigrants from Connecticut, 152 

Settlers, Old 

Consult History of Essex and Hudson counties. Shaw 
History of Newark. Atkinson 
Library file 
Sewage disposal, 19, 3G 
Consult Library file 
See also Waste, Disposal of 
Sewerage Commission, see Passaic Valley Sewerage Com- 
mission 
Shade Tree Commission, composition, etc., 116 ; Described 
in leaflet by Carl Bannwart, 66 ; Work, 25 

Consult Annual reports, Shade Tree Commission 
Leaflet published by the Commission 
Library file 
See also Trees 
Shade trees, see Trees 
Sheriff 

Consult Civil government in the United States. Fiske 
Essentials in civil government. Forman 
Nation and state. Philips 
See also Essex County 
Ship canal, to be located, 5; Proposed, 22 
Consult Library picture collection 
See also Newark Bay 
Shoe manufacture, 23, 151, 155 
Sickness, Relief in 

Consult Social Service directory 
Sidewalks, Clearing of, 82 ; In the neighborhood, 57 
Sign boards. Unsightly, 54 

Consult Library picture collection 
Sinking Fund Commissioners, same as Commissioners of 

the Sinking Fund 
Site of Newark, cause for its selection, 10 
Slaughter house ordinance, 43, 45 
Slaughter houses 

Consult Newark city ordinances 
Slavery abolished in New Jersey, 1820, 156 



206 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Smallpox, 36 

See also Epidemics 
Smoke inspector, 62 

Smoke nuisance 43, 62 ; Ordinance, 45, 62 
Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 

City government for young people. Willard 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Smoke nuisance. Olmsted 
Library file 
Smuggling, 101 

See also Custom House inspection 
Social group, definition, 51 

Society for the Prevention of Unnecessary Noises, 62 
South Mountain Eeservation to be located, 5 

Consult Library picture collection 
Speed of cars, see Trolleys 
Spoils system, 101 

Springfield, Mass., and its public buildings, 58 
Springfield, N. J., Battle of, 1780, 156; Site of, 151 

Consult History of Essex and Hudson counties. Shaw 
History of Newark. Atkinson 
Library file 
Stables, location with reference to dwellings, 45 
Stamp act opposed, 1774, 156 
State and federal government, see Government 
Statistics for 1905, 1909, 26 

Consult Common Council Manual 
Social service directory 
Year book. Board of Trade 
Library file 
Statues 

Consult Library file 
See also Public buildings 
Steamship terminals on the meadows, 22 
Steamships, see Transportation 

Stedman, Edmund Clarence, home on Stratford Place, 159 
Stimulants and narcotics, 36 

Consult Good health. Jewett 
Human physiology. Ritchie 



Index. 207 

]Mannal of hygiene and sanitation. Egbert 
Town and city. Jewett 
Stores 

Consult Historical sketch of the city of Newark. 
Thowless 

Short history of Newark. Urquhart 
Year book, Board of Trade, 1909, p. 52 
Library file 
Streams, Pollution, see Pollution of streams 
Street advertisements, see Billboards 
Street and civic beauty, 90 
Street and the life of the city, leaflet by Frank G. Oilman, 

89 
Street and Water Commission 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 
See also Streets ; Water supply 
Street cleaning, in relation to health, 38, 39 ; In New York 
city, 40; In San Francisco, 40 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Good citizenship. Eichman & Wallach 
Town and city. Jewett 
Library file 
See also Juvenile Street Cleaning Leagues 
Street paving, see Streets 
Street signs 

Consult Library file 
Streets, described, 91; Importance of, 89; Improvements, 
92; Laying out new, 91 ; Lighting, 51, 157; Location, 3; 
Ownership and control of, 91; Paper in, 82; Problems, 
92; Study of, 100 
Streets 

Consult Modern civic art. Robinson, pp. 101 122, 138- 
165, 187-244 

Short history of Newark. Urquhart 
Newark leaflets 
Library file 
See also Street Cleaning; Municipal art; Street signs 
Suffrage, 100 



208 Newark in the Public Schools. 

Consult City government for young people. Willard 
Civic reader for new Americans. Converse 
Government of New Jersey. Knowlton 
How the people rule. Hoxie 
Nation and state. Philips 
New Jersey constitution 
School civics. Boynton 
Selected articles on woman suffrage. Phelps, 

comjiiler 
Library file 
See also Government; Elections; Woman Suffrage 
Sunday Call started 1872, 157 
Superintendent of schools, duties, 82 

See also Schools 
Supreme Court, see Courts 
Swaine, Samuel, built first grist mill, 150 
Talleyrand at the Ailing homestead, 153, 159 ; In Newark, 

1792, 156 
Tan Yard established by Azariah Crane, 1698, 155 
Tanner, see Roberts, Hugh 
Tariff, 101 

Consult Library card catalogue under Protection and 
free trade; Tariff U. S. 
Tariff and excise 

Consult Constitutional history of the United States. 
Curtis 

Current issues. Shaw 
World almanac 
Tax budget, 101 

Consult Common Council Manual 
See also Taxation 
Tax Commission, composition, etc., 116 
Taxation, Direct, real estate and personal, 101; Rate of, 
101 

Consult Civil government in the United States. Fiske 
Good government for young people. Willard 
Government of New Jersey. Knowlton 
Government of the United States. Moses 
How the people rule. Hoxie 



Index. 209 

]S'ation and state. Tliilips 
IS'ew Jersey eoustitutiuu 
Newark Common Council .Manual 
Our government. .lames & Sanl'ord 
School civics. Boynton 
World almanac 
Year books, Board of Trade 
Young citizen. Dole 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Taxes, purposes defined by state legislature, lUG 
"Taxes, what they do,"' leafiet by Edward Kenny, 102 
Teachers, examined and licensed, 83; Number of, 85; 
Qualifications, etc., 82 

Consult Annual reports. Board of Education 
Technical school organized, 1885, 158; To be located, G 
Telegraph, 86 

Consult American inventions and inventors. Mowry 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Four American inventors. Perry 
Story of rapid transit. Willson 
Telephone, 86 

Consult American inventions and inventors. Mowry 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Story of rapid transit. Willson 
Temperance, see Liquor traffic 
Tenement houses and fire escapes, 51 
Tenement inspection, .37 

Consult City government for young peojdo. WilliUNl 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Constructive and preventive pliilnntlirojiy. Lee 
Guide to sanitary inspection. Gerhard 
Newark city ordinances 
Eeports, New Jersey Board of Tenement House 

Supervision 
Town and city. Jewett 
Newark leaflet 
Terminals, sec Railroad terminals; Sicarnsliip terminals 
Tobacco tax, sec Revenues 



210 Newark in the Public ScliooLs. 

Town clerk, see Treat, Capt. Eobert 
Town meeting described, 105 

Consult Town meeting. Fiske (in his American po- 
litical ideas p. 17-56) 
Township of Newark, 1832, 105 
Trade unions 

Consult Social Service directory 
Training ground, now Military Park, 154 
Transportation, 19; Aided by the community, 8G; Great 
problem in city, 80; Facilities, 20; Facilities neces- 
sary for growth of cities, 11 

Consult American inventions and inventors. Mowry 
Boy's book of steamships. Howden 
Commercial geography. Adams 
Community and the citizen. Dunn 
Geography of New Jersey. Woodley 
Panama. Lindsay 
Story of rapid transit. Willson 
World almanac 
Year book. Board of Trade 
Library file 

Library picture collection 
See also Kailroads; Trolleys; Commerce 
Treat, Capt. Robert, first Town Clerk, 150; Home lot, 154; 
Leader of Puritan settlers, 10; Sketch of, 125 
Consult History of Newark. Atkinson 
Short histor}^ of Newark. Urquhart 
Library file 
Tree planting, see Shade Tree Commission 
Trees, Systematic care of, 54, 67 
Trees, 66 

Consult Arbor day manuals 

Forest trees of New Jersey. Halsted 
Handbook of the trees of the Northern states and 
Canada, Hough 

Improvement of towns and cities. Eobinson, pp. 

113-131 
Our native trees. Keeler 



Index. 211 

K('I»()i-ls, Forest Park Reservation Commission of 

New Jersey 
Sliade trees in towns and cities. Solotaroff 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
See also Shade Tree Commission 
Trinity Episcopal Clnirch fonnded, 155; Location, 154 
Tripartite division of the Federal and State fijovornments, 

100 
Trolley service in the city, 2G 
Trolleys 

Consult Commnnity and the citizen. Dunn 
Poor's mannal of railroads 

History of Essex and Hnds(m comities. Shaw 
Story of rapid transit. Willson 
Year book. Board of Trade 
Newark leaflet 
Library file 
Trunk lines and a connecting terminal, 21 
Trunks manufactured by Thomas P>. Peddie, 1837, 157 
Tuberculosis, 37 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 
Civics and health. Allen 
Human physiolooy. Ritchie 
New Jersey legislative mannal 
Newark Tuberculosis Association 
Town and city. Jewett 
Tuberculosis. Knopf 
Library file 

Library picture collection 
Tuberculosis sanatorium at Verona, 27, 43, 73 
Tuberculosis sanitariums, see Tuberculosis 
Tunnels under the Hudson river, 20, SO 
Consult World almanac, 1010, p. 277 

Library file 

See also Transportation 
Turnpike road over the meadoAvs, .sec ]\leadows 
Typhoid fever, 37 

See also Epidemics 



212 Newark in the Public ScliooLs. 

Ungraded schools, 72; To be located, 

Consult Annual report, T>oard of lOducation 
School scrap books 

Sec also Schools 
Unnecessary noises, see Noises 
Vacant lots, Condition of, 82 
Vaccination, 36 

See also Epidemics 
Vacnnm cleaning process, 39 
Vailsbiirg to be located, 5 
Varnish niannfactnre, 23 

Verona, (Mtv Home, sec CAty Home at Verona 
Verona, Tnbercnlosis sanatorium, sec Tuberculosis sana- 
torium at Verona 
Village, see Government, Village 
Violation of laws, 72 
Voting, sec Elections; Suffrage 
Walsh act for commission government, sec Comuiissiou 

government 
Ward, Herbert D., home on Abington avenue, 101 
Ward, John, first wood turner, 151 
Ward, John, first deacon and Brander of Cattle, 150 
Ward, Susan Hayes, home on Abington Avenue. IGl 
Ward, William Hayes, home on Abington Avenue, IGl 
Warden, Eandall D., leaflet on Playgrounds of Newark, 41 
Wards, Division of the city into, 106; Expenses, 106 
Warehouses at the meadow terminals, 22 
Waring, Colonel, and clean streets, 30 
Washington, George, in Newark, 1776, 156 

Consult Library file 
Washington Park to be located, 5 
Waste, Disposal of 

Consult Annual reports, city of Newark 

City government for 3'oung people. Willard 
Good citizenship. Richman & Wallach 
Manual of hygiene and sanitation. Egbert 
Town and city. Jewett 
Water closets. Location of, 45 
Water front around New York harbor, 20 



Index. 213 

Water supply, separate for earli nuinicipality, 20; Sources 
of city supply, 27; 37 

Consult Clean water and liow to ^et it. ITazen 

Common Council Manual 1006 

Manual of liyji:iene and sanitation. l']gbert 

New Jersey Geological Survey. Keport? 

Newark's w^ater supply. Doremus 

Town and city. Jewett 

Newark leaflet 

Library file 
Waverly to be located, 5 
Weequahic Park, 25; To be located, 5 
^Veio•hts, Short, 100 

See also Measures, Short 
Well water, .37 

West Newark railroad to be located, ii 
West Side Park to be located, .5 
"What Old Settlers Did," 150 

ConsiiU Newark leaflet 
What taxes do, by Edward Kenny, 102 
Wheels, sec Flat wheels 
''When Women ^"oted," 150 
Whiskey rebellion in Pennsylvania, 101 
''White Wings" in New York, sec Street cleaning 
Whitefield, George, preached in old First Church, 159 
Whitehead, Samuel, first shoemaker, 151, 155 
Wilson, ^Ir. of Pittsburgh, on the smoke nuisance, 62 
Wires, sec Poles and wires 
Woman suffrage, 151, 1.52 

Consult Library card catalog uuder woman suffrage 
Women first voted at court house election 1S07, 151 
Women. Labor of, see Labor of women and children 
Woodchoppers, Battle of the, 1760, 155 
Woodside to be located. 5; annexed to Newark, 1S71, 157 
Yellow fever in Cuba and mosquitoes, 40 

Sec also Moscjuitoes 
Young ^^'omen's ChrisMan Association fund subscribed, 25 
Consult Library file 



